This data release contains photographs and photomicrographs from drill cores and cuttings of pre-Middle Jurassic basement rocks that are buried beneath Coastal Plain sedimentary deposits in Florida. These samples provide rare insights into deeply buried rocks that have no surface exposures and no known exposed correlates. These images were acquired to support the characterization, discrimination, and correlation of map units comprising Florida’s basement infrastructure (Deasy and others, 2024a). These are the original images. Annotated images with additional comments are available in the companion Data Report (Deasy and others, 2024b). Semi-quantitative mineral modes of many basement rocks are presented in a companion data release (Deasy and others, 2024c); geochemical analyses of many of the same samples are available in a third companion data release (Deasy and others, 2024d). Types of images included are hand sample photographs; optical photomicrographs in plane-, cross-polarized, and reflected light (PPL, XPL, and RL, respectively); and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images including back-scattered electron (BSE) images, cathodoluminescence (CL) images, and qualitative elemental abundance maps determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). All images are in tag image file (.tif) format. Contents of this release are: 1) a table of image information (image_table.csv), 2) a zipped folder containing two hundred twenty (220) .tif images (images.zip), 3) a data dictionary (.csv) defining attributes (column headings) in image_table.csv, 4) and metadata (.xml). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

This data release contains whole-rock geochemical analyses from drill cores and cuttings of pre-Middle Jurassic basement rocks that are buried beneath Coastal Plain sedimentary deposits in Florida and Alabama. The analyses were acquired to support geologic mapping and characterization of little-known coastal-plain basement rock units for topical studies as in geochronology, and applications ranging from mineral, energy, and water resources to earthquake hazards. These samples provide rare insights into deeply buried rocks that have no surface exposures and no known exposed correlates. The 70 whole-rock samples from drill cores and cuttings were selected and described by Ryan Deasy (USGS) and analyzed for major and trace elements at Activation Laboratories Ltd. (Actlabs) in Ancaster, Ontario, Canada. Analytical methods included lithium borate fusion or multiacid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for major elements and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for most trace elements. Additional analytical methods included instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for other trace elements, and loss on ignition (LOI) by gravimetric methods. Sample information (location, depth, brief description, etc.) and geochemical data in comma separated values (.csv) format are accompanied by quality control (QC) data (.csv), a data dictionary (.csv), and metadata (.xml). Mineral abundances, determined by application of the Rietveld method to whole-rock powder X-ray diffraction data, of many of the same samples are available in a companion data release (Deasy and others, 2024a). Photographs and photomicrographs of all samples are presented in another companion data release (Deasy and others, 2024b). These data were collected to support the characterization, discrimination, and correlation of map units in the Geologic map of pre-Middle Jurassic basement rocks beneath the Coastal Plain in Florida (Deasy and others, 2024c). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

This data release contains whole-rock geochemical analyses from drill cores and cuttings of pre-Middle Jurassic basement rocks that are buried beneath Coastal Plain sedimentary deposits in Florida and Alabama. The analyses were acquired to support geologic mapping and characterization of little-known coastal-plain basement rock units for topical studies as in geochronology, and applications ranging from mineral, energy, and water resources to earthquake hazards. These samples provide rare insights into deeply buried rocks that have no surface exposures and no known exposed correlates. The 70 whole-rock samples from drill cores and cuttings were selected and described by Ryan Deasy (USGS) and analyzed for major and trace elements at Activation Laboratories Ltd. (Actlabs) in Ancaster, Ontario, Canada. Analytical methods included lithium borate fusion or multiacid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for major elements and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for most trace elements. Additional analytical methods included instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for other trace elements, and loss on ignition (LOI) by gravimetric methods. Sample information (location, depth, brief description, etc.) and geochemical data in comma separated values (.csv) format are accompanied by quality control (QC) data (.csv), a data dictionary (.csv), and metadata (.xml). Mineral abundances, determined by application of the Rietveld method to whole-rock powder X-ray diffraction data, of many of the same samples are available in a companion data release (Deasy and others, 2024a). Photographs and photomicrographs of all samples are presented in another companion data release (Deasy and others, 2024b). These data were collected to support the characterization, discrimination, and correlation of map units in the Geologic map of pre-Middle Jurassic basement rocks beneath the Coastal Plain in Florida (Deasy and others, 2024c). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

This data release reports the mineral abundances in samples of pre-Middle Jurassic basement rocks from twenty-nine (29) boreholes in Florida and southern Alabama. Mineral abundances are quantified from whole-rock powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and the Rietveld method and are reported in weight percent or, where present near the detection limit (~1 wt.% depending on mineral), as trace (t). The abundances of expandable clays are given in weight percent in corundum-spiked samples and qualitatively in EG-solvated samples as absent (0), trace (t), present (p), or abundant (a). Accessory minerals identified by optical and/or electron microscopy but not detected in XRD patterns are named but not quantified. Major and trace element geochemical analyses of many of the same samples are available in a companion data release (Deasy and others, 2024a). Raw diffraction intensity data are included in original proprietary formats as well as in converted .csv files. More information about samples and XRD methods and results are included in the accompanying Data Report entitled Petrography and mineralogy of selected pre-Middle Jurassic basement rocks beneath the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains in Florida (Deasy and others, 2024b). Photographs and photomicrographs of all samples are presented in another companion data release (Deasy and others, 2024c). These data were collected to support the characterization, discrimination, and correlation of map units in the Geologic map of pre-Middle Jurassic basement rocks beneath the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains in Florida (Deasy and others, 2024d). This data release contains the following files: DATA_FL-AL_basement_rock_mineral_abundances.csv contains the estimated mineral abundances in eighty-one (81) samples from twenty-nine (29) wells, well identification information and sample depths, trace minerals identified by optical or electron microscopy, results of ethylene glycol (EG) solvation treatments as applicable, angular range of analysis in degrees 2-theta, sample mount types used, modeled mineral compositions as applicable, and optional additional comments. DATA_DICTIONARY_FL-AL_basement_rock_mineral_abundances.csv contains definitions of attributes in the data file. OTHER_ABBREVIATIONS_FL-AL_basement_rock_mineral_abundances.csv lists and defines abbreviations used in this data release. Raw XRD are grouped in a folder (rawXRDdata). Original XRD data, in .xrdml and .raw formats are in three (3) subfolders (rawXRDdata_1, rawXRDdata_2, and rawXRDdata_3) grouped by “data_source” (that is, laboratory in and instrument on which analyses were performed). Diffraction intensity data in .csv format are also included in compiled spreadsheets grouped by “data_source” (rawXRDdata_1.csv, rawXRDdata_2.csv, and rawXRDdata_3.csv). Conversion from original to .csv format was performed with PowDLL Converter v2.7. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Data from 316 boreholes (including coreholes) that penetrated buried pre-Middle Jurassic basement rocks that lie beneath Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain sedimentary deposits in Florida and Alabama were compiled from non-proprietary, mostly published sources in order to support subsurface geologic mapping, geologic interpretation of geophysical data (aeromagnetic, gravity, seismic), topical studies as in geochronology, and applications ranging from mineral, energy, and water resources to earthquake hazards. Boreholes into bedrock beneath the coastal plain near the Fall Line in Alabama reveal buried extensions of geologic units exposed in the Piedmont, and those near the Gulf coast and beneath Florida provide rare insights into deeply buried rock units that have no surface exposures. Data for each borehole include the State, a unique identifier (well_ID), borehole name or location, year drilled, land surface elevation in feet, top-of-basement depth in feet, total depth of borehole in feet, top-of-basement elevation in feet, basement penetrated by drilling in feet, depth reference (ground level, Kelly bushing, or derrick floor), lithology code, basement type, quality of lithologic data, description of pre-Cretaceous basement rock, sample (drill core or cuttings), latitude and longitude (NAD27), county or city, and reference citations. The data in comma separated values (.csv) format are accompanied by an explanation (.txt), references (.txt), and metadata (.xml). The data file uses standard abbreviations for mineral names where necessary to save space.

Data from 391 boreholes (including coreholes) that penetrated buried pre-Cretaceous basement rocks that lie beneath Atlantic Coastal Plain sedimentary deposits in Georgia and South Carolina were compiled from non-proprietary, mostly published sources in order to support subsurface geologic mapping, geologic interpretation of geophysical data (aeromagnetic, gravity, seismic), topical studies as in geochronology, and applications ranging from mineral, energy, and water resources to earthquake hazards in the Charleston seismic zone. Most of the entries are based on previous literature. In a few cases where noted, drill cores or cuttings were examined for basic geologic observations. Boreholes into bedrock beneath the coastal plain near the Fall Line reveal buried extensions of geologic units exposed in the Piedmont, and those closer to the Atlantic coast provide rare insights into deeply buried rock units that have no surface exposures. Data for each borehole include the state, a unique identifier (Well_ID), any alternate identifier(s) (Alt_ID), borehole name or location, year drilled, land surface elevation in feet, top-of-basement depth in feet, total depth of borehole in feet, top-of-basement elevation in feet, basement penetrated by drilling in feet, depth reference (ground level, Kelly bushing, or derrick floor), lithology code, basement type, quality of lithologic data, description of pre-Cretaceous basement rock, sample (drill core or cuttings), latitude and longitude (NAD27), county or city, and reference citations. The data in comma separated values (.csv) format are accompanied by an explanation (.txt), references (.txt), and metadata (.xml). The data file uses standard abbreviations for mineral names where necessary to save space.

Understanding the processes that govern whether a coral reef is accreting (growing) or dissolving are fundamental to questions of reef health and resiliency. A total of 52 surficial sediment samples were collected within a 1-km x 1-km area around Crocker Reef in the Florida Keys, USA, between 2013 and 2014. Samples 1-35 were collected in July 2013 and samples 36-52 were collected in July 2014. The samples were processed using conventional, published techniques (see process step section) to yield grain size and mineralogical data. The dataset, CRKR2013-2014_SEDIMENT_Images.zip contains photomicrograph images that correspond to each sediment sample. These images also include additional, survey-specific EXchangable Image File format (EXIF) header information.

Understanding the processes that govern whether a coral reef is accreting (growing) or dissolving are fundamental to questions of reef health and resiliency. A total of 52 surficial sediment samples were collected within a 1-km x 1-km area around Crocker Reef in the Florida Keys, USA, between 2013 and 2014. Samples 1-35 were collected in July 2013 and samples 36-52 were collected in July 2014. The samples were processed using conventional, published techniques (see process step section) to yield grain size and mineralogical data. The dataset, CRKR2013-2014_SEDIMENT_Images.zip contains photomicrograph images that correspond to each sediment sample. These images also include additional, survey-specific EXchangable Image File format (EXIF) header information.

The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a program of bedrock geologic mapping in much of the central and western upper peninsula of Michigan and parts of Wisconsin from the 1940’s until the late 1990’s. Geologic studies in this region are hampered by a scarcity of bedrock exposures because of a nearly continuous blanket of unconsolidated sediments resulting from glaciation of the region during the Pleistocene ice ages. The USGS mapping, done largely at a scale of 1:24,000, routinely recorded the location and extent of exposed bedrock to provide both an indication of where direct observations were made, and as a guide for future investigations to expedite location of observable rock exposures. The locations of outcrops were generally shown as colored or patterned overlays on printed geologic maps. Although those maps have been scanned and are available as PDF files, no further digital portrayal of the outcrops has been done. We have conducted a prototype study of digitizing and improving locational accuracy of the outcrop locations in parts of Dickinson County, Michigan, to form a data layer that can be used with other data layers in GIS applications.

In 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey collected 24 vibracores within Apalachicola Bay, Florida. The vibracores were collected using a Rossfelder electric percussive (P-3) vibracore system during a cruise on the R/V Gilbert. Selection of the core sites was based on a geophysical survey that was conducted during 2005 and 2006 in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Coastal Services Center (CSC) and the Apalachicola Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. Available data include the vibracore data logs and photographs, select seismic-reflection profiles (from the geophysical survey), and core-derived data including: grain size analyses, radiocarbon ages, microfossil counts, and sedimentological interpretations. The long-term goal of this study is to provide maps, data, and assistance to the Apalachicola Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in their effort to monitor and understand the geology and ecology of Apalachicola Bay Estuary. These data will inform coastal managers charged with resource preservation.