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Hunting the eagle killer: A cyanobacterial neurotoxin causes vacuolar myelinopathy
H. verticillata samples collected from numerous watersheds from 2014 to 2020 were screened for the presence of A. hydrillicola. After isolation of A. hydrillicola from environmental samples and adaptation to laboratory conditions, the cyanobacterium was cultivated in BG11 medium with or without the addition of potassium bromide. H. verticillata leaves colonized with A. hydrillicola were analyzed using fluorescence microscopy as well as AP-MALDI-MSI (9-AA as matrix in negative-ionization mode; lateral resolution, 10 μm). Environmental bromide and bromine concentrations in H. verticillata, sediment, and water samples were analyzed by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and ion chromatography. The structure of AETX was elucidated by NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray crystallography after isolation of the compound using flash chromatography, semipreparative HPLC, and recrystallization. The genome of A. hydrillicola was amplified from single filaments using multiple displacement amplification and then sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The putative AETX biosynthetic gene cluster was identified by BLASTp searches for bacterial halogenases against the A. hydrillicola genome. The halogenase AetF was heterologously expressed in E. coli and then purified. Biochemical assays to characterize its activity used tryptophans and indoles as substrates. Reaction products were structurally characterized by HPLC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. A. hydrillicola–H. verticillata extract fractions and pure AETX were tested for activity on C. dubia, D. rerio, C. elegans, and G. gallus. Bioassays on D. rerio and G. gallus were performed in accordance with the National Insitutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and followed protocol A2017 11-007-Y1-A0, which was reviewed, approved, and overseen by the University of Georgia Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. VM occurrence in treated birds was confirmed by analysis of the white matter of their optic lobe using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Tissues of deceased wild birds were extracted and analyzed for AETX by HPLC-MS. A full description of the materials and methods used in this study is provided in the supplementary materials. Portions of this dataset are inaccessible because: Data belongs to coauthors at Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), University of Georgia, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), They can be accessed through the following means: NMR and MS raw data are available at Figshare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.6025748.v1). X-ray data and models are available at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre under accession no. CCDC-2018827. (https://doi.org/10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc25rrg5) The whole-genome assemblies (Whole Genome Shotgun projects) of two A. hydrillicola strains, CCALA 1050 and Thurmond2011, have been deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession nos. JAALHA000000000 and JAAKGC000000000, respectively. The versions described in this paper are JAALHA010000000 and JAAKGC010000000. The sequence of the putative AETX biosynthetic gene cluster can be found at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession no. MT225528. All other data are available in the main text or the supplementary materials of the journal article. Format: data are in several formats, see accessed information for more information. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Breinlinger, S., T. Phillips, B. Haram, J. Mareš, J. Martínez Yerena, P. Hrouzek, R. Sobotka, W. Henderson, P. Schmieder, S.M. Williams, J.D. Lauderdale, H.D. Wilde, W. Gerrin, A. Kust, J. Washington, C. Wagner, M. Liebeke, H. Enke, T. Niedermeyer, and S. Wilde. Hunting the eagle killer: A cyanobacterial neurotoxin causes vacuolar myelinopathy. SCIENCE. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Washington, DC, USA, 371(6536):
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Kaua‘i Avian Botulism Surveillance Covariate Data
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Hawai‘i’s endangered waterbirds have experienced epizootics caused by ingestion of prey that accumulated a botulinum neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum (avian botulism; Type C). Waterbird carcasses, necrophagous flies, and their larvae initiate and spread avian botulism, a food-borne paralytic disease lethal to waterbirds. Each new carcass has potential to develop toxin-accumulating necrophagous vectors amplifying outbreaks and killing hundreds of endangered birds. Early carcass removal is an effective mitigation strategy for preventing avian intoxication, toxin concentration in necrophagous and secondary food webs, and reducing the magnitude of epizootics. However, rapid detection of carcasses can be problematic and labor intensive. Therefore, we tested a new method using scent detection canines for avian botulism surveillance on the island of Kaua‘i. During operational surveillance and a randomized double-blind field trial, trained detector canines with experienced field handlers improved carcass detection probability, especially in dense vegetation. Detector canines could be combined with conventional surveillance to optimize search strategies for carcass removal and are a useful tool to reduce risks of the initiation and propagation of avian botulism. This dataset is one of the three datasets that make up this data release. This table contains covariate data related to each unit covered by the surveillance survey part of this research study. Surveys were conducted using either all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), detector canines, or humans on foot.
Kaua‘i Avian Botulism Surveillance Covariate Data
공공데이터포털
Hawai‘i’s endangered waterbirds have experienced epizootics caused by ingestion of prey that accumulated a botulinum neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum (avian botulism; Type C). Waterbird carcasses, necrophagous flies, and their larvae initiate and spread avian botulism, a food-borne paralytic disease lethal to waterbirds. Each new carcass has potential to develop toxin-accumulating necrophagous vectors amplifying outbreaks and killing hundreds of endangered birds. Early carcass removal is an effective mitigation strategy for preventing avian intoxication, toxin concentration in necrophagous and secondary food webs, and reducing the magnitude of epizootics. However, rapid detection of carcasses can be problematic and labor intensive. Therefore, we tested a new method using scent detection canines for avian botulism surveillance on the island of Kaua‘i. During operational surveillance and a randomized double-blind field trial, trained detector canines with experienced field handlers improved carcass detection probability, especially in dense vegetation. Detector canines could be combined with conventional surveillance to optimize search strategies for carcass removal and are a useful tool to reduce risks of the initiation and propagation of avian botulism. This dataset is one of the three datasets that make up this data release. This table contains covariate data related to each unit covered by the surveillance survey part of this research study. Surveys were conducted using either all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), detector canines, or humans on foot.
Algal toxins and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis measured in surface-water, quarry-water, and sediment samples collected at Pipestone National Monument, Pipestone, Minnesota, 2018-19
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The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. National Park Service, conducted a study to determine the presence of algal toxins and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) within Pipestone National Monument located in Pipestone County in southwestern Minnesota. Three algal toxins (microcystins, saxitoxin, and anatoxin-a) were analyzed in 12 water-quality samples collected from 8 surface and 2 quarry-water sample sites by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Two of the three analyzed algal toxins (microcystins and anatoxin-a) were also analyzed using immunosorbent strip test methods. All analysis kits were provided by Abraxis Inc. (Warminister, Pa) and analyses were completed at the U.S. Geological Survey - Upper Midwest Water Science Center in Mounds View, Minnesota. MAP was analyzed in 16 water-quality samples and 8 sediment samples collected from 8 surface-water sample sites by multiple real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods at the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in Madison, Wisconsin. These data are a part of a larger study and an associated report documented in the U.S. Geological Survey Investigations Report 2023-XXXX (http://doiXXXXXplaceholder).
Algal toxins and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis measured in surface-water, quarry-water, and sediment samples collected at Pipestone National Monument, Pipestone, Minnesota, 2018-19
공공데이터포털
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. National Park Service, conducted a study to determine the presence of algal toxins and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) within Pipestone National Monument located in Pipestone County in southwestern Minnesota. Three algal toxins (microcystins, saxitoxin, and anatoxin-a) were analyzed in 12 water-quality samples collected from 8 surface and 2 quarry-water sample sites by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Two of the three analyzed algal toxins (microcystins and anatoxin-a) were also analyzed using immunosorbent strip test methods. All analysis kits were provided by Abraxis Inc. (Warminister, Pa) and analyses were completed at the U.S. Geological Survey - Upper Midwest Water Science Center in Mounds View, Minnesota. MAP was analyzed in 16 water-quality samples and 8 sediment samples collected from 8 surface-water sample sites by multiple real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods at the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in Madison, Wisconsin. These data are a part of a larger study and an associated report documented in the U.S. Geological Survey Investigations Report 2023-XXXX (http://doiXXXXXplaceholder).
Results of algal toxin testing from wildlife mortality submissions to the National Wildlife Health Center
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This data set is composed of all animals received as a diagnostic submission to the USGS-National Wildlife Health Center for which algal toxin testing was performed from November 1998 to January 2018. Birds with a histologic diagnosis of avian vacuolar myelinopathy, a disease caused by the algal toxin aetokthonotoxin, are also included. Algal toxins tested for include brevetoxin, cylindrospermopsin, domoic acid, microcystin, and saxitoxin. Case-accession number, species, state collected, month and year collected, and detection or non-detection of the algal toxin is reported.
Kaua‘i Avian Botulism Surveillance Track Data
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Hawai‘i’s endangered waterbirds have experienced epizootics caused by ingestion of prey that accumulated a botulinum neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum (avian botulism; Type C). Waterbird carcasses, necrophagous flies, and their larvae initiate and spread avian botulism, a food-borne paralytic disease lethal to waterbirds. Each new carcass has potential to develop toxin-accumulating necrophagous vectors amplifying outbreaks and killing hundreds of endangered birds. Early carcass removal is an effective mitigation strategy for preventing avian intoxication, toxin concentration in necrophagous and secondary food webs, and reducing the magnitude of epizootics. However, rapid detection of carcasses can be problematic and labor intensive. Therefore, we tested a new method using scent detection canines for avian botulism surveillance on the island of Kaua‘i. During operational surveillance and a randomized double-blind field trial, trained detector canines with experienced field handlers improved carcass detection probability, especially in dense vegetation. Detector canines could be combined with conventional surveillance to optimize search strategies for carcass removal and are a useful tool to reduce risks of the initiation and propagation of avian botulism. This dataset is one of the three datasets that make up this data release. This table contains GPS track data for 166 surveillance surveys conducted using either all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), detector canines, or humans on foot.
Kaua‘i Avian Botulism Surveillance Track Data
공공데이터포털
Hawai‘i’s endangered waterbirds have experienced epizootics caused by ingestion of prey that accumulated a botulinum neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum (avian botulism; Type C). Waterbird carcasses, necrophagous flies, and their larvae initiate and spread avian botulism, a food-borne paralytic disease lethal to waterbirds. Each new carcass has potential to develop toxin-accumulating necrophagous vectors amplifying outbreaks and killing hundreds of endangered birds. Early carcass removal is an effective mitigation strategy for preventing avian intoxication, toxin concentration in necrophagous and secondary food webs, and reducing the magnitude of epizootics. However, rapid detection of carcasses can be problematic and labor intensive. Therefore, we tested a new method using scent detection canines for avian botulism surveillance on the island of Kaua‘i. During operational surveillance and a randomized double-blind field trial, trained detector canines with experienced field handlers improved carcass detection probability, especially in dense vegetation. Detector canines could be combined with conventional surveillance to optimize search strategies for carcass removal and are a useful tool to reduce risks of the initiation and propagation of avian botulism. This dataset is one of the three datasets that make up this data release. This table contains GPS track data for 166 surveillance surveys conducted using either all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), detector canines, or humans on foot.
Kaua‘i Avian Botulism Detection Trials Data
공공데이터포털
Hawai‘i’s endangered waterbirds have experienced epizootics caused by ingestion of prey that accumulated a botulinum neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum (avian botulism; Type C). Waterbird carcasses, necrophagous flies, and their larvae initiate and spread avian botulism, a food-borne paralytic disease lethal to waterbirds. Each new carcass has potential to develop toxin-accumulating necrophagous vectors amplifying outbreaks and killing hundreds of endangered birds. Early carcass removal is an effective mitigation strategy for preventing avian intoxication, toxin concentration in necrophagous and secondary food webs, and reducing the magnitude of epizootics. However, rapid detection of carcasses can be problematic and labor intensive. Therefore, we tested a new method using scent detection canines for avian botulism surveillance on the island of Kaua‘i. During operational surveillance and a randomized double-blind field trial, trained detector canines with experienced field handlers improved carcass detection probability, especially in dense vegetation. Detector canines could be combined with conventional surveillance to optimize search strategies for carcass removal and are a useful tool to reduce risks of the initiation and propagation of avian botulism. This dataset is one of the three datasets that make up this data release. This table contains GPS track data and environmental parameters from the double-blind detection trials that were intended to compare human searches with canine-assisted searches.
Kaua‘i Avian Botulism Detection Trials Data
공공데이터포털
Hawai‘i’s endangered waterbirds have experienced epizootics caused by ingestion of prey that accumulated a botulinum neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum (avian botulism; Type C). Waterbird carcasses, necrophagous flies, and their larvae initiate and spread avian botulism, a food-borne paralytic disease lethal to waterbirds. Each new carcass has potential to develop toxin-accumulating necrophagous vectors amplifying outbreaks and killing hundreds of endangered birds. Early carcass removal is an effective mitigation strategy for preventing avian intoxication, toxin concentration in necrophagous and secondary food webs, and reducing the magnitude of epizootics. However, rapid detection of carcasses can be problematic and labor intensive. Therefore, we tested a new method using scent detection canines for avian botulism surveillance on the island of Kaua‘i. During operational surveillance and a randomized double-blind field trial, trained detector canines with experienced field handlers improved carcass detection probability, especially in dense vegetation. Detector canines could be combined with conventional surveillance to optimize search strategies for carcass removal and are a useful tool to reduce risks of the initiation and propagation of avian botulism. This dataset is one of the three datasets that make up this data release. This table contains GPS track data and environmental parameters from the double-blind detection trials that were intended to compare human searches with canine-assisted searches.
Kaua‘i Avian Botulism Surveillance Using Detector Canines 2017-2018
공공데이터포털
Hawai‘i’s endangered waterbirds have experienced epizootics caused by ingestion of prey that accumulated a botulinum neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum (avian botulism; Type C). Waterbird carcasses, necrophagous flies, and their larvae initiate and spread avian botulism, a food-borne paralytic disease lethal to waterbirds. Each new carcass has potential to develop toxin-accumulating necrophagous vectors amplifying outbreaks and killing hundreds of endangered birds. Early carcass removal is an effective mitigation strategy for preventing avian intoxication, toxin concentration in necrophagous and secondary food webs, and reducing the magnitude of epizootics. However, rapid detection of carcasses can be problematic and labor intensive. Therefore, we tested a new method using scent detection canines for avian botulism surveillance on the island of Kaua‘i. During operational surveillance and a randomized double-blind field trial, trained detector canines with experienced field handlers improved carcass detection probability, especially in dense vegetation. Detector canines could be combined with conventional surveillance to optimize search strategies for carcass removal and are a useful tool to reduce risks of the initiation and propagation of avian botulism. This data release contains three tables: (1) a summary of surveillance GPS track data, (2) a list of surveyed areas and environmental conditions, (3) a summary of detection trial data and environmental conditions. Other data was used in the project, including a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service map of the study area and specific GPS track data on private farmland; however, since both of these data sources contain sensitive geographic data about privately owned land and farms, these data sources are not included in this data release. All references to private land have been assigned unrecognizable alphanumeric identification codes.
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