Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) Version 2 consists of quality-controlled radiosonde observations of temperature, humidity, and wind at stations across all continents. Data are drawn from more than 30 different sources. The earliest year of data is 1905, and the data are updated on a daily basis. Record length, vertical extent and resolution, and availability of variables varies among stations and over time. In addition to the merged and quality-controlled set of soundings, several supplementary products are included: sounding-derived moisture and stability parameters for each suitable sounding; monthly means at mandatory pressure levels; the Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC) in which post-1997 data are based on IGRA 2; and station history information derived from documented changes in instruments and observing practice as well as from instrument codes received along with the sounding data. The change to Version 2.2 includes two additional data streams which permits further updating of the IGRA data records that use the new BUFR format. Version 2.2 began in 2023.

**Please note, this dataset has been superseded by a newer version (see below). Users should not use this version except in rare cases (e.g., when reproducing previous studies that used this version).**Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive is a digital data set archived at the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). The Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) consists of radiosonde and pilot balloon observations at over 1500 globally distributed stations. Observations are available for standard, surface, tropopause and significant levels. Variables include: Pressure, Temperature, Geopotential Height, Dewpoint, Depression, Wind Direction, and Wind Speed. The period of record varies from station to station, with many extending from 1905 to 2016. Station records for version 1 are available by contacting NCEI Customer Support. IGRA data originate from 11 different sources and have passed through a set of rigorous quality assurance procedures.

**Please note, this dataset has been superseded by a newer version (see below). Users should not use this version except in rare cases (e.g., when reproducing previous studies that used this version).** Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive is a digital data set archived at the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). This dataset contains monthly means of geopotential height, temperature, zonal wind, and meridional wind derived from the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA). IGRA consists of radiosonde and pilot balloon observations at over 1500 globally distributed stations, and monthly means are available for the surface and mandatory levels at many of these stations by contacting NCEI Customer Support. The period of record varies from station to station, with many extending from 1947 to 2016. Monthly means are computed separately for the nominal times of 0000 and 1200 UTC, considering data within two hours of each nominal time. A mean is provided, along with the number of values used to calculate it, whenever there are at least 10 values for a particular station, month, nominal time, and level.

This is a dataset of high resolution upper air soundings collected by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) in the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR) format. The parameters and metadata captured at each level contain time displacement, latitude displacement, longitude displacement, geopotential height, pressure, temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed, wind direction, level significance (flags). Many reports are at 2-second resolution ~3500 levels for a full ascent, some are at 1-second resolution: ~7000 levels (but we have seen up to 14500 levels). Few observations in this data set are at low resolution (standard+significant levels). That data are from Oct 2, 2014 - present, updated monthly. In 2003, the WMO members approved a migration from traditional alphanumeric codes (TAC)to table driven code forms (TDCF) BUFR for data distribution on the Global Telecommunications System (GTS). The TDCF BUFR, also known as just BUFR, is a binary data format maintained by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Compared with the traditional alphanumeric codes (TAC), the BUFR offers great advantages of flexibility and expandability, allowing for the dissemination of much higher vertical resolution with the reporting of the time and position at each level and extra metadata. The Commission agreed on the deadline of November 2014 to stop the parallel distribution of TAC and BUFR data. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) has maintained an archive of global radiosonde BUFR data since October of 2014, which will complement NCEI's real-time archiving of National Weather Service (NWS) BUFR stream commencing in May of 2017.

The Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC) consist of time series of radiosonde-based temperature anomalies for the years 1958-present in which the temporal inhomogeneities resulting from changes in instruments and observing practices have been reduced to the extent possible. Developed through a collaborative effort involving NOAA scientists from the Air Resources Laboratory, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, and NCEI, the RATPAC time series are based on data from 85 stations distributed around global land areas and are available on 13 atmospheric pressure levels: the surface, 850, 700, 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 70, 50, and 30 hPa. Two sub-products, RATPAC-A and RATPAC-B, were derived using different approaches to meet this need based largely in part on the Temporal Homogenization of Monthly Radiosonde Temperature Data (LKS) bias-adjusted dataset. RATPAC-A contains adjusted global, hemispheric, tropical, and extratropical mean temperature anomalies. From 1958 through 1995, the bases of the data are on spatial averages of LKS adjusted 87-station temperature data. After 1995, they are based on the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) station data, combined using a first difference method. RATPAC-B contains data for individual stations as well as large-scale arithmetic averages corresponding to areas used for RATPAC-A. The station data consist of adjusted data produced by LKS for the period 1958-1997 and unadjusted data from IGRA after 1997. The regional mean time series in RATPAC-B are based on arithmetic averaging of these station data, rather than the first difference method used to create RATPAC-A. The difference between this version and the original version of RATPAC is that the IGRA component of Version 2 is taken from IGRA v2 rather than IGRA v1.

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument represents a significant change from the historical weather satellite observations. For example, there are several differences in observation style, channel, structure, etc. from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) which flew on low earth orbit satellites since the 1970s. Several longstanding climate data records were developed expressly using the AVHRR instrument. The VIIRS Global Area Coverage (VGAC) dataset is an attempt to more closely bridge the old technology with the new. The VGAC data file provides one orbit of VIIRS observations (22 channels: 14 Reflective Solar Bands; 7 Thermal Emissive Bands and 1 Day/Night Band) that have been degraded in resolution to approximate the AVHRR GAC resolution. Each channel is provided using the same swath that simulates a 3.9 km resolution scan. The moderate resolution VIIRS channels each have the mean value of the radiance in that 3.9 km region. Some of the higher resolution imaging channels (I channels) contain more statistical information, including maximum and minimum radiances, which benefit algorithms like cloud and surface retrievals.

These are raw radiosonde and pilot balloon observations taken from various locations at various times around the globe transmitted through the National Weather Service Telecommunications Gateway (NWSTG) in a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR) format beginning in May 2017. Variables include Temperature, humidity, Wind direction and speed, pressure, height, elapsed time and position displacement since launch, and some metadata. Vertical and temporal resolution varies.

These are raw radiosonde and pilot balloon observations taken from various locations at various times around the globe transmitted through the National Weather Service Telecommunications Gateway (NWSTG) in a World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR) format beginning in May 2017. Variables include Temperature, humidity, Wind direction and speed, pressure, height, elapsed time and position displacement since launch, and some metadata. Vertical and temporal resolution varies.

The FIFE Radiosonde Data Set contains temperatures, wind speed, and temperature profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer measured by means of radiosondes that were analyzed in the framework of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory, with the objective of determining the regional surface heat flux. Profiles of temperature, humidity and wind velocity in the atmosphere were measured by means of intensive radiosoundings conducted approximately between 900 and 1800 CDST in northeastern Kansas during the five FIFE Intensive Field Campaigns in spring, summer and fall of 1987, and in the late summer of 1989. Some 445 radiosondes were released to generate the measurements needed to obtain profiles of wind velocity dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature. The launch site was located near the northern edge of the experimental area to ensure that these profiles reflect surface conditions over the fetch of the experimental area in the general direction of the prevailing southerly wind. The raw radiosonde data described here have been corrected for sensor delays (see the FIFE Temperature and Humidity Profiles) and algorithm inconsistencies, (see the FIFE Radiosonde Wind Profiles) and have been interpolated to a set of standard pressure levels (see the FIFE Standard Pressure Level Radiosonde Data). These derived data sets are described separately.