Ionograms are recorded tracings of reflected high frequency radio pulses generated by an ionosonde. Unique relationships exist between the sounding frequency and the ionization densities which can reflect it. As the sounder sweeps from lower to higher frequencies, the signal rises above the noise of commercial radio sources and records the return signal reflected from the different layers of the ionosphere. These echoes form characteristic patterns of "traces" that comprise the ionogram. Radio pulses travel more slowly within the ionosphere than in free space, therefore, the apparent or "virtual" height is recorded instead of a true height. For frequencies approaching the level of maximum plasma frequency in a layer, the virtual height tends to infinity, because the pulse must travel a finite distance at effectively zero speed. The frequencies at which this occurs are called the critical frequencies. Characteristic values of virtual heights (designated as h'E, h'F, and h'F2, etc.) and critical frequencies (designated as foE, foF1, and foF2, etc.) of each layer are scaled, manually or by computer, from these ionograms. Typically, an ionosonde station obtains one ionogram recording every 15 minutes. When the scaling is done manually only the hourly recordings are routinely reduced to numerical data. Modern ionosondes with computer-driven automatic scaling procedures routinely scale all the ionograms recorded. The resulting numerical values, along with the original ionograms and station reports, are archived at five World Data Centers (WDCs) for Ionosphere. The ionosphere is divided into four broad regions called D,E, F, and topside. These regions may be further divided into several regularly occurring layers, such as F1 or F2.D Region: The region between about 75 and 95km above the Earth in which the relatively weak) ionization is mainly responsible for absorption of high-frequency radio waves. E Region: The region between about 95 and 150km above the Earth that marks the height of the regular daytime E layer. Other subdivisions isolating separate layers of irregular occurrence within this region are also labeled with an E prefix, such as the thick layer, E2, and a highly variable thin layer, Sporadic E. Ions in this region are mainly O2+. F Region: The region above about 150km in which the important reflecting layer, F2, is found. Other layers within this region are also described using the prefix F, such as a temperate-latitude regular stratification, F1, and a low-latitude, semi-regular stratification, F1.5. Ions in the lower part of the F layer are mainly NO+ and are predominantly O+ in the upper part. The F layer is the region of primary interest for radio communications.

This dataset contains Commercial (Comm) Radio Occultation (RO) Environmental Data Records (EDR) from PlanetiQ. It is from Radio Occultation Data Buy II (RODB-2) Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ), dated March 27, 2023 to March 26, 2028. For RODB-2 IDIQ, NOAA solicited commercial near-real-time satellite-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Radio Occultation (RO) and ionospheric measurements that will be processed into neutral atmosphere and space weather products. These derived products will be fed into NOAA's operational data systems, including weather and space weather analysis and prediction systems, and used for weather, climate, and atmospheric research purposes. CommRO is an is an established method for remote sounding of the atmosphere. The technique uses an instrument in low-Earth orbit to track radio signals from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) transmitters as they rise or set through the atmosphere. The occulting atmosphere refracts or bends the radio signals, and given the precise positions of both satellites, the bending angle can be deduced from the time delay of the signal. Collecting these measurements for a full occultation through the atmosphere provides a vertical profile of bending angles, from which profiles of physical quantities such as temperature, humidity, and ionospheric electron density can be retrieved. These data primarily feed numerical weather prediction (NWP) models that support weather forecasts, and also support space weather analysis/prediction at NOAA.

This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Forcing. The data include parameters of climate forcing with a geographic location of Northern Hemisphere. The time period coverage is from 1945 to -55 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data.

The Space Environment Monitor (SEM) Extreme Ultraviolet Sensor (EUVS) onboard the GOES satellite series measure the EUV in 5 GOES wavelength bands (A-E) from about 5-127 nm. This data is used to investigate solar activity and the associated impacts of extreme and middle ultraviolet absorption on the earth's atmosphere. This data collection includes Reprocessed Level-1b and Level-2 SEM/EUVS data from GOES 13-15, channels A-E. The data are enhanced to science quality from the original operational archive. Enhancements include corrected calibrations, updated quality flagging, full ephemeris information, and both high-cadence and averaged data. The data were produced by NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and archived by NOAA's Comprehensive Large Array-Data Stewardship System (CLASS).

The Magnetometer Instrument Engineering Telemetry Data file contains data used to support the generation of the Magnetometer Level 1b product, and monitor and evaluate the health and performance of the two magnetometers. This data is transmitted to the ground in raw digital counts, and subsequently converted into physical units by the ground system. Some of the data pertains to the temperature of components of the magnetometers. This includes temperatures for the electronics and sensors. Other telemetry includes reference voltages and temperature dependent scale factors and offsets relating raw observed counts to magnetic field units (nanoteslas) for the two magnetometers. The Magnetometer Calibration Data file contains raw observation counts and data acquisition status from the inboard and outbound magnetometers for a one second interval during a calibration maneuver. Nominally, this file contains ten observation samples acquired at one-tenth of a second intervals.

The Energetic Heavy Ions product contains heavy ion directional differential flux values measured in situ in geostationary orbit. The differential flux values are produced for the Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen (CNO), Neon-Sulfur (Ne-S), and Chlorine-Nickel (Cl-Ni) mass groups, and for individual elements between Beryllium and Copper (Be-Cu). The product includes data quality information that provides an assessment of the differential flux values, including whether they are invalid, and an indication of good or degraded quality. The rationale for the quality assessment is also given. (See the README file for additional quality assessments.) For each mass group, heavy ion flux is reported in five energy bands for one angular zone. Similarly, for each element in the elemental group, heavy ion flux is reported in five energy bands for one angular zone. The five energy bands are evenly spaced logarithmically spanning from 10 to 200 MeV per nucleon for the H and He mass groups. For all the mass groups and the elemental group, the energy band bounds are dynamic and included in the product. The one angular zone has a central look-angle that is anti-earthward and has a 60 degree conical field of view. The units of measure for the directional differential flux values are particles per second per square centimeter per steradian per (megaelectron volt per nucleon). The Level 1b product has a 5-minute cadence, corresponding to an accumulation of counts over a 5-minute period.

The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R Series (GOES-R), the latest generation of geostationary weather satellites, significantly improves the detection and observation of environmental phenomena, resulting in improved public safety, more accurate forecasts, better protection of property, and greater assurance on our nation's economic health and prosperity. The satellites provide advanced imaging with increased spatial resolution and faster coverage for more accurate forecasts, real-time mapping of lightning activity, and improved monitoring of solar activity and space weather. The GOES-R Series is a four-satellite program (GOES-R/S/T/U) that will extend the availability of the operational GOES satellite system through 2036.

This data collection consists of archived Space Weather Follow On Lagrange 1 (SOL-1) Level 0b data from the SupraThermal Ion Sensor (STIS). The archival process includes daily files. The STIS instrument generates 1 file per day per level in the netCDF-4 format. These data are produced by the STIS instrument aboard the SOL-1 spacecraft. The SupraThermal Ion Sensor (STIS) is a solid-state spectrometer device that measures suprathermal ions and electrons across a broad range of energies. STIS provides real-time, continuous observations to ensure early warning of various space weather impacts. SOL-1 will launch in 2025. Other products available are auxiliary files (frm-rt-l0_sol1, frm-st-l0_sol1, pkt-l0_sol1, orb-pr_sol1, sc-att_sol1); STIS files (stis-l1a_sol1, stis-l1b_sol1, stis-l2_sol1, and stis-l3-avg1m_sol1); and, National Centers for Environmental Data (NCEI) Retrospective Science products (sci_stis-l1a_sol1, sci_stis-l1b_sol1, sci_stis-l2_sol1, and sci_stis-l3-avg1m_sol1).

This data set consists of daily visible-band (VIS) imagery and infrared-band (IR) imagery derived from the Environmental Sciences Service Administration (ESSA) satellites, the Improved TIROS Operational System 1 (ITOS 1) satellite, and the the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites covering December 1966 through March 1978 (IR data begins in December 1972). The data set was created by scanning the analog imagery from these satellites held in the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) physical archives in Asheville, NC. Images on 35 mm film, glossy prints, or paper halftone prints were scanned, processed, and then converted to NetCDF format.

This data collection consists of archived GOES-R Series Magnetometer (MAG) Level 0 data from the operational GOES-East and GOES-West satellites. The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R (GOES-R) series provides continuity of the GOES mission through 2035 and improvements in geostationary satellite observational data. GOES-16, the first GOES-R satellite, began operating as GOES-East on December 18, 2017, and GOES-18 began operating on March 1, 2022, replacing GOES-17 as GOES West in early January 2023. GOES-19 will begin operational service in 2024, replacing GOES-16. MAG measures the magnetic field in the outer portion of the magnetosphere to detect charged particles that can be dangerous to spacecraft and human spaceflight. The Magnetometer Level 0 product contains Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) science, engineering, and diagnostic telemetry data packets received from MAG. The Level 0 data files also contain orbit and attitude, and eclipse of the sun related and yaw flip state telemetry data packets generated by the GOES spacecraft. Each CCSDS packet contains a unique Application Process Identifier (APID) in the primary header that identifies the specific type of packet, and is used to support interpretation of its contents. Users may refer to the GOES-R Series Product Definition and Users’ Guide (PUG) Volumes 1 (Main) and 2 (Level 0 Products) for Level 0 data documentation. Related instrument calibration data and Level 1b processing information are archived and available for order at the NOAA CLASS website. The MAG Level 0 data files are delivered in a netCDF-4 file format, however, the constituent CCSDS packets are stored in a byte array making the data opaque for standard netCDF reader applications. The MAG Level 0 data files are packaged in daily tar files (data bundles) by satellite for the archive. Recently ingested archive tar files are available for 14 days on a CLASS-hosted anonymous FTP server for users to download. Data archived on tape are available to users by special order through NCEI customer service.