This dataset contains estimated chlorophyll-a and particulate organic carbon concentration data from the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) during the IOP1 campaign conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco during Fall 2022. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. The Portable Remote Imaging Spectrometer (PRISM) is an airborne instrument package that is mounted on the GIII aircraft which flies long duration detailed surveys of the field domain during deployments. PRISM contains a pushbroom imaging spectrometer operating at near-UV to near-IR wavelengths (350-1050 nm), which produced high temporal resolution and resolve spatial features as small as 30 cm. PRISM also has a two-channel spot radiometer at short-wave infrared (SWIR) band (1240 nm and 1640 nm), that is co-aligned with the spectrometer and is used to provide accurate atmospheric correction of the ocean color measurements. Level 2 chlorophyll-a data are available in netCDF format.

This dataset contains in-situ seawater samples taken during the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco during a pilot campaign over two weeks in October 2021, and two intensive operating periods (IOPs) in Fall 2022 and Spring 2023. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. Water samples collected in Niskin bottles mounted on the ship’s rosette sampler were taken of chlorophyll (µg/L), phaeopigments (µg/L), and nutrient concentrations (µM or µmol/L) of particulate organic carbon, particulate organic nitrogen, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate. Samples analyzed with fluorometry contain chlorophyll concentrations in µg/L and phaeopigment concentrations in µg/L. Samples analyzed with elemental analysis contain POC molarity in µM and PON molarity in µM. Samples analyzed via ion analysis contain silicate concentrations in µM, total nitrate+nitrite in µM, phosphate in µM, nitrite in µM, and nitrate in µM. These data are mainly used by S-MODE for validating the PRISM-derived products and calibrating the in-situ sensors on the autonomous platforms. Data are available in netCDF format.

This dataset contains PRISM data from the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) during the IOP1 campaign conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco during Fall 2022. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. The Portable Remote Imaging Spectrometer (PRISM) is an airborne instrument package that is mounted on the GIII aircraft which flies long duration detailed surveys of the field domain during deployments. PRISM contains a pushbroom imaging spectrometer operating at near-UV to near-IR wavelengths (350-1050 nm), which will produce high temporal resolution and resolve spatial features as small as 30 cm. PRISM also has a two-channel spot radiometer at short-wave infrared (SWIR) band (1240 nm and 1640 nm), that is co-aligned with the spectrometer and will be used to provide accurate atmospheric correction of the ocean color measurements. Level 1 data is available in netCDF format.

This dataset contains shipboard bio-optical measurements collected during the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco during an intensive operating period (IOP) in Fall 2022. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. Data are available in netCDF format.

This dataset contains orthocorrected and atmospherically corrected water-leaving reflectance data from the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) during the IOP1 campaign conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco during Fall 2022. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. The Portable Remote Imaging Spectrometer (PRISM) is an airborne instrument package that is mounted on the GIII aircraft which flies long duration detailed surveys of the field domain during deployments. PRISM contains a pushbroom imaging spectrometer operating at near-UV to near-IR wavelengths (350-1050 nm), which produced high temporal resolution and resolve spatial features as small as 30 cm. PRISM also has a two-channel spot radiometer at short-wave infrared (SWIR) band (1240 nm and 1640 nm), that is co-aligned with the spectrometer and is used to provide accurate atmospheric correction of the ocean color measurements. Level 2a reflectance data is available in ENVI format.

This dataset contains shipboard bio-optical measurements collected during the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco during an intensive operating period (IOP) in Fall 2022. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. Data are available in netCDF format.

This dataset contains airborne hyperspectral imagery from the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) during a pilot campaign conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco over two weeks in October 2021. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. The Modular Aerial Sensing System (MASS) is an airborne instrument package that is mounted on the DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft which flies long duration detailed surveys of the field domain during deployments. MASS includes a hyperspectral camera operating in the visible to near-IR range (400-990 nm). Hyperspectral data are used by S-MODE to provide visible imagery of the kinematics of whitecaps and ocean color measurements. Level 1 data are available as zip files containing data in ENVI format and text files containing location and timing information.

This dataset contains shipboard Underway conductivity, temperature, and depth (UCDT) measurements taken during the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) field campaign. The experiment was conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco, during a pilot campaign that spanned two weeks in October 2021, and two intensive operating periods in Fall 2022 and Spring 2023. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. The Underway CTD system contains a standard UCDT probe measuring conductivity, temperature, and pressure, as well as an augmented EcoCDT probe that concurrently measures both hydrographic and bio-optical data including conductivity, temperature, pressure, dissolved oxygen concentration, chlorophyll-fluorescence, and particulate backscatter at two different wavelengths. The level 2 data herein combines measurements from both the UCDT and EcoCDT into a single dataset, where for each variable, all profiles are binned onto a 5m vertical grid and merged into a 2-D matrix. Additional computed variables include backscatter baseline signal and backscatter spike signal. Data are available in netCDF format.

This dataset contains airborne visible imagery from the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) during a pilot campaign conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco over two weeks in October 2021. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. The Modular Aerial Sensing System (MASS) is an airborne instrument package that is mounted on the DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft which flies long duration detailed surveys of the field domain during deployments. MASS includes an IO Industries Flare 12M125-CL camera with 14mm lens mounted nadir in the aircraft in an orientation so that the short edge of the image was parallel with the aircraft heading. The camera was synchronized to a coupled GPS/IMU system with images taken at 5hz. Raw images were calibrated for lens distortion and boresight misalignment with the GPS/IMU. Images were georeferenced to the post-processed aircraft trajectory and exported with reference to WGS84 datum with a UTM zone 10 projection (EPSG 32610) at an altitude-dependent spatial resolution. Level 1 images are available in TIFF format.

This dataset contains airborne visible imagery from the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) during a pilot campaign conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco over two weeks in October 2021. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. The Modular Aerial Sensing System (MASS) is an airborne instrument package that is mounted on the DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft which flies long duration detailed surveys of the field domain during deployments. MASS includes an IO Industries Flare 12M125-CL camera with 14mm lens mounted nadir in the aircraft in an orientation so that the short edge of the image was parallel with the aircraft heading. The camera was synchronized to a coupled GPS/IMU system with images taken at 5hz. Raw images were calibrated for lens distortion and boresight misalignment with the GPS/IMU. Images were georeferenced to the post-processed aircraft trajectory and exported with reference to WGS84 datum with a UTM zone 10 projection (EPSG 32610) at an altitude-dependent spatial resolution. Level 1 images are available in TIFF format.