This data release provides the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Spectral Library Version 7 and all related documents. The library contains spectra measured with laboratory, field, and airborne spectrometers. The instruments used cover wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the far infrared (0.2 to 200 microns). Laboratory samples of specific minerals, plants, chemical compounds, and man-made materials were measured. In many cases, samples were purified, so that unique spectral features of a material can be related to its chemical structure. These spectro-chemical links are important for interpreting remotely sensed data collected in the field or from an aircraft or spacecraft. This library also contains physically-constructed as well as mathematically-computed mixtures. Measurements of rocks, soils, and natural mixtures of minerals have also been made with laboratory and field spectrometers. Spectra of plant components and vegetation plots, comprising many plant types and species with varying backgrounds, are also in this library. Measurements by airborne spectrometers are included for forested vegetation plots, in which the trees are too tall for measurement by a field spectrometer. The related U.S. Geological Survey Data Series publication, "USGS Spectral Library Version 7", describes the instruments used, metadata descriptions of spectra and samples, and possible artifacts in the spectral measurements (Kokaly and others, 2017). Four different spectrometer types were used to measure spectra in the library: (1) Beckman™ 5270 covering the spectral range 0.2 to 3 µm, (2) standard, high resolution (hi-res), and high-resolution Next Generation (hi-resNG) models of ASD field portable spectrometers covering the range from 0.35 to 2.5 µm, (3) Nicolet™ Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) interferometer spectrometers covering the range from about 1.12 to 216 µm, and (4) the NASA Airborne Visible/Infra-Red Imaging Spectrometer AVIRIS, covering the range 0.37 to 2.5 µm. Two fundamental spectrometer characteristics significant for interpreting and utilizing spectral measurements are sampling position (the wavelength position of each spectrometer channel) and bandpass (a parameter describing the wavelength interval over which each channel in a spectrometer is sensitive). Bandpass is typically reported as the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) response at each channel (in wavelength units, for example nm or micron). The linked publication (Kokaly and others, 2017), includes a comparison plot of the various spectrometers used to measure the data in this release. Data for the sampling positions and the bandpass values (for each channel in the spectrometers) are included in this data release. These data are in the SPECPR files, as separate data records, and in the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) text files, as separate files for wavelength and bandpass. Spectra are provided in files of ASCII text format (files with a .txt file extension). In the ASCII files, deleted channels (bad bands) are indicated by a value of -1.23e34. Metadata descriptions of samples, field areas, spectral measurements, and results from supporting material analyses – such as XRD – are provided in HyperText Markup Language HTML formatted ASCII text files (files with .html file extension). In addition, Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) images of plots of spectra are provided. For each spectrum a plot with wavelength in microns on the x-axis is provided. For spectra measured on the Nicolet spectrometer, an additional GIF image with wavenumber on the x-axis is provided. Data are also provided in SPECtrum Processing Routines (SPECPR) format (Clark, 1993) which packages spectra and associated metadata descriptions into a single file (see the linked publication, Kokaly and others, 2017, for additional details on the SPECPR format and freely-available software than can be used to read files in SPECPR format). The data measured on the source spectrometers are

This dataset contains reflectance and transmission spectra of unexpanded and expanded vermiculite ore, and handpicked flakes of phlogopite, hydrobiotite, and vermiculite. These samples were collected from mines near Enoree, South Carolina; Libby, Montana; Louisa, Virginia; Palabora, Llano, Texas; and South Africa. Spectra are identified as either reflectance or transmission in the alphanumeric file names and correlate to specpr record numbers designated in the manuscript figures in which they are shown. These transmission spectra were converted to absorbance in many of the figures. Spectra of talc, fibrous richterite amphibole, and serpentine are from well characterized samples from Feiser Mine, Ruby Mountains, Montana; Libby, Montana; and a NIOSH chrysotile standard (CH29) respectively. The talc sample is described in the U.S. Geological Survey Spectral Library (Kokaly and others, 2017). Some vermiculite samples were K-exchanged to facilitate spectral comparisons.

This dataset contains reflectance and transmission spectra of unexpanded and expanded vermiculite ore, and handpicked flakes of phlogopite, hydrobiotite, and vermiculite. These samples were collected from mines near Enoree, South Carolina; Libby, Montana; Louisa, Virginia; Palabora, Llano, Texas; and South Africa. Spectra are identified as either reflectance or transmission in the alphanumeric file names and correlate to specpr record numbers designated in the manuscript figures in which they are shown. These transmission spectra were converted to absorbance in many of the figures. Spectra of talc, fibrous richterite amphibole, and serpentine are from well characterized samples from Feiser Mine, Ruby Mountains, Montana; Libby, Montana; and a NIOSH chrysotile standard (CH29) respectively. The talc sample is described in the U.S. Geological Survey Spectral Library (Kokaly and others, 2017). Some vermiculite samples were K-exchanged to facilitate spectral comparisons.

SPECPRsplib07 This compressed archive includes: 1) Files, in SPECPR format, containing spectral data and associated metadata descriptions: - measured spectra (splib07a) - spectra interpolated to a higher number of more finely-spaced channels (splib07b) - spectra convolved to other spectrometers, for example * Analytical Spectral Devices standard resolution (s07_ASD) * AVIRIS-Classic 2014 characteristics (s07_AV14) * Hyperspectral Mapper (HyMap) 2014 characteristics (s07_HY14) * and others - spectra resampled to multispectral sensors: * ASTER * Landsat 8 OLI * Sentinel-2 MSI * Worldview-3 2) Folders containing information linked to from the metadata descriptions in the SPECPR files: - README: contains a HTML version of the USGS Data Series publication, linked to this data release, that describes this spectral library (Kokaly and others, 2017). The folder also contains an HTML version of release notes. - photo_images: contains full resolution images of photos of samples and field sites. - photo_thumbs: contains low-resolution thumbnail versions of photos of samples and field sites. 3) A folder (alternativeSPECPR) contains SPECPR files that store just the spectral data, without the associated metadata descriptions of the spectra and samples. These files have consistent data record numbering in all files. GENERAL LIBRARY DESCRIPTION This data release provides the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Spectral Library Version 7 and all related documents. The library contains spectra measured with laboratory, field, and airborne spectrometers. The instruments used cover wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the far infrared (0.2 to 200 microns). Laboratory samples of specific minerals, plants, chemical compounds, and man-made materials were measured. In many cases, samples were purified, so that unique spectral features of a material can be related to its chemical structure. These spectro-chemical links are important for interpreting remotely sensed data collected in the field or from an aircraft or spacecraft. This library also contains physically-constructed as well as mathematically-computed mixtures. Measurements of rocks, soils, and natural mixtures of minerals have also been made with laboratory and field spectrometers. Spectra of plant components and vegetation plots, comprising many plant types and species with varying backgrounds, are also in this library. Measurements by airborne spectrometers are included for forested vegetation plots, in which the trees are too tall for measurement by a field spectrometer. The related U.S. Geological Survey Data Series publication, "USGS Spectral Library Version 7", describes the instruments used, metadata descriptions of spectra and samples, and possible artifacts in the spectral measurements (Kokaly and others, 2017). Four different spectrometer types were used to measure spectra in the library: (1) Beckman™ 5270 covering the spectral range 0.2 to 3 µm, (2) standard, high resolution (hi-res), and high-resolution Next Generation (hi-resNG) models of ASD field portable spectrometers covering the range from 0.35 to 2.5 µm, (3) Nicolet™ Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) interferometer spectrometers covering the range from about 1.12 to 216 µm, and (4) the NASA Airborne Visible/Infra-Red Imaging Spectrometer AVIRIS, covering the range 0.37 to 2.5 µm. Two fundamental spectrometer characteristics significant for interpreting and utilizing spectral measurements are sampling position (the wavelength position of each spectrometer channel) and bandpass (a parameter describing the wavelength interval over which each channel in a spectrometer is sensitive). Bandpass is typically reported as the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) response at each channel (in wavelength units, for example nm or micron). The linked publication (Kokaly and others, 2017), includes a comparison plot of the various spectrometers used to measure the data in this release. Data for the sampling positions and the bandpass values (for

SPECPRsplib07 This compressed archive includes: 1) Files, in SPECPR format, containing spectral data and associated metadata descriptions: - measured spectra (splib07a) - spectra interpolated to a higher number of more finely-spaced channels (splib07b) - spectra convolved to other spectrometers, for example * Analytical Spectral Devices standard resolution (s07_ASD) * AVIRIS-Classic 2014 characteristics (s07_AV14) * Hyperspectral Mapper (HyMap) 2014 characteristics (s07_HY14) * and others - spectra resampled to multispectral sensors: * ASTER * Landsat 8 OLI * Sentinel-2 MSI * Worldview-3 2) Folders containing information linked to from the metadata descriptions in the SPECPR files: - README: contains a HTML version of the USGS Data Series publication, linked to this data release, that describes this spectral library (Kokaly and others, 2017). The folder also contains an HTML version of release notes. - photo_images: contains full resolution images of photos of samples and field sites. - photo_thumbs: contains low-resolution thumbnail versions of photos of samples and field sites. 3) A folder (alternativeSPECPR) contains SPECPR files that store just the spectral data, without the associated metadata descriptions of the spectra and samples. These files have consistent data record numbering in all files. GENERAL LIBRARY DESCRIPTION This data release provides the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Spectral Library Version 7 and all related documents. The library contains spectra measured with laboratory, field, and airborne spectrometers. The instruments used cover wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the far infrared (0.2 to 200 microns). Laboratory samples of specific minerals, plants, chemical compounds, and man-made materials were measured. In many cases, samples were purified, so that unique spectral features of a material can be related to its chemical structure. These spectro-chemical links are important for interpreting remotely sensed data collected in the field or from an aircraft or spacecraft. This library also contains physically-constructed as well as mathematically-computed mixtures. Measurements of rocks, soils, and natural mixtures of minerals have also been made with laboratory and field spectrometers. Spectra of plant components and vegetation plots, comprising many plant types and species with varying backgrounds, are also in this library. Measurements by airborne spectrometers are included for forested vegetation plots, in which the trees are too tall for measurement by a field spectrometer. The related U.S. Geological Survey Data Series publication, "USGS Spectral Library Version 7", describes the instruments used, metadata descriptions of spectra and samples, and possible artifacts in the spectral measurements (Kokaly and others, 2017). Four different spectrometer types were used to measure spectra in the library: (1) Beckman™ 5270 covering the spectral range 0.2 to 3 µm, (2) standard, high resolution (hi-res), and high-resolution Next Generation (hi-resNG) models of ASD field portable spectrometers covering the range from 0.35 to 2.5 µm, (3) Nicolet™ Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) interferometer spectrometers covering the range from about 1.12 to 216 µm, and (4) the NASA Airborne Visible/Infra-Red Imaging Spectrometer AVIRIS, covering the range 0.37 to 2.5 µm. Two fundamental spectrometer characteristics significant for interpreting and utilizing spectral measurements are sampling position (the wavelength position of each spectrometer channel) and bandpass (a parameter describing the wavelength interval over which each channel in a spectrometer is sensitive). Bandpass is typically reported as the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) response at each channel (in wavelength units, for example nm or micron). The linked publication (Kokaly and others, 2017), includes a comparison plot of the various spectrometers used to measure the data in this release. Data for the sampling positions and the bandpass values (for

This dataset includes thin section images, automated mineralogy mineral maps, whole-rock geochemical data, and whole-rock Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic analysis of samples collected from nine mafic-ultramafic outcrops in the Wet Mountains, southern Colorado, during the summer of 2022. These data will accompany an upcoming journal publication and are intended to supplement recently collected airborne magnetic and ground gravity data that indicate a mostly buried mafic-ultramafic intrusion of unknown age (Grauch et al., 2023; Magnin and Anderson, 2023; Magnin et al., 2023). Outcrop locations were identified based on previous mapping by Taylor (1974). A single thin section was made from each sample, and both plain- and cross-polarized light (PPL and XPL, respectively) images were taken of the entire section using a flatbed film scanner. Automated mineralogy (AM) scans were collected from half of each thin section using a TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA) at the Colorado School of Mines Mineral and Materials characterization facility. Whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry of samples used for thin sections and of separate compositional layers in thin section JWM-129 (i.e., JWM-129.1, -129.2) were analyzed by Activation Laboratories Ltd., Ancaster, Ontario. Platinum group element chemistry was collected and analyzed by AGAT Laboratories, Calgary, Alberta. Five whole-rock samples and two mineral separates were analyzed using Sm-Nd thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) at the University of Colorado Boulder TIMS Facility and Clean Room. The same five whole-rock samples were also analyzed for Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb isotopes using TIMS at the same lab. All analyses were performed between October 2022 and February 2024. The images contained in the zip file are categorized by sample name and additionally labeled with PPL, XPL, and AM categories. Automated mineralogy image names end with a letter indicating whether the top (T), bottom (B), left (L), or right (R) half of the thin section was scanned. A csv file of the modal mineral percentages from automated mineralogy is also included in the zip file. Sample locations/descriptions, whole rock geochemistry, Nd-Sr-Pb isotopes, and a data dictionary are included in csv files.

This dataset includes thin section images, automated mineralogy mineral maps, whole-rock geochemical data, and whole-rock Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic analysis of samples collected from nine mafic-ultramafic outcrops in the Wet Mountains, southern Colorado, during the summer of 2022. These data will accompany an upcoming journal publication and are intended to supplement recently collected airborne magnetic and ground gravity data that indicate a mostly buried mafic-ultramafic intrusion of unknown age (Grauch et al., 2023; Magnin and Anderson, 2023; Magnin et al., 2023). Outcrop locations were identified based on previous mapping by Taylor (1974). A single thin section was made from each sample, and both plain- and cross-polarized light (PPL and XPL, respectively) images were taken of the entire section using a flatbed film scanner. Automated mineralogy (AM) scans were collected from half of each thin section using a TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA) at the Colorado School of Mines Mineral and Materials characterization facility. Whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry of samples used for thin sections and of separate compositional layers in thin section JWM-129 (i.e., JWM-129.1, -129.2) were analyzed by Activation Laboratories Ltd., Ancaster, Ontario. Platinum group element chemistry was collected and analyzed by AGAT Laboratories, Calgary, Alberta. Five whole-rock samples and two mineral separates were analyzed using Sm-Nd thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) at the University of Colorado Boulder TIMS Facility and Clean Room. The same five whole-rock samples were also analyzed for Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb isotopes using TIMS at the same lab. All analyses were performed between October 2022 and February 2024. The images contained in the zip file are categorized by sample name and additionally labeled with PPL, XPL, and AM categories. Automated mineralogy image names end with a letter indicating whether the top (T), bottom (B), left (L), or right (R) half of the thin section was scanned. A csv file of the modal mineral percentages from automated mineralogy is also included in the zip file. Sample locations/descriptions, whole rock geochemistry, Nd-Sr-Pb isotopes, and a data dictionary are included in csv files.

The Global Geochemical Database for Critical Metals in Black Shales (CMIBS) contains new geochemical data compilations for fine-grained sedimentary rocks in which each geologic material sample has one best value determination for each analyzed species, greatly improving speed and efficiency of use (Granitto and others, 2013). The CMIBS was created and designed to compile and integrate geochemical data from seven continents in order to facilitate petrologic studies, mineral resource assessments and mineral exploration, definition of geochemical baseline values and statistics, environmental impact assessments, paleobiological studies and paleoenvironmental trends through Earth history. and studies in human health and environmental geochemistry. The primary goal was to compile geochemical data for stratigraphic rock sequences containing dominantly fine-grained clastic rocks with appreciable organic carbon (>0.5 weight percent), collectively termed and referred to herein as black shale facies samples but comprised of all fine-grained clastic rocks such as argillite, mudstone, claystone, and their low-medium grade metamorphic equivalents. In some cases, minor other lithologies within the stratigraphic sequences such as limestone,coal,or tuff layers are also included. The particular focus of the database was on black shale facies samples in regions and stratigraphic sequences known to contain high concentrations of critical metals such as Ni, Mo, PGE, Se, U, and V. Therefore, this relational database serves as a data archive in support of present and future geologic and geochemical studies of critical metals in black shale facies samples, although a wide range of inorganic elements other than the above mentioned critical metals are included. The database contains data tables in two different formats describing historical and new quantitative and qualitative geochemical analyses. The analytical results were determined by more than 130 laboratory and field analytical methods on 89,877 samples, of which 89,443 are rock, 170 are geologic material, 121 are sediment, 92 are soil and 2 are organic samples. The non-rock samples were included in the database because they were usually related to the black shale facies samples below them stratigraphically (in drill core, for example). Many of the samples are organic rich to the point that they are actually coal samples. More than 75 percent of the samples were collected by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) personnel and analyzed in USGS laboratories or, under contracts, in commercial analytical laboratories. These data represent analyses of samples collected as part of various USGS programs and projects from 1961 through 2014. The CMIBS includes historical geochemical data originally archived in the USGS Rock Analysis Storage System (RASS) database, used from the mid-1960s through the late 1980s and the USGS PLUTO database used from the mid-1970s through the mid-1990s. All of these data are currently maintained in the USGS National Geochemical Database (NGDB). Retrievals from the NGDB were used to generate more than 3/4 of the CMIBS data set. Also included in the CMIBS are data from 11,084 samples of the Canadian Mining Industry Research Organization (CAMIRO) Project 08E04: Geochemistry of Shales as Vectors to Ore Deposits. This global black shale facies dataset was shared with the USGS for inclusion in the CMIBS. Bibliographic research for geochemical data of black shale facies yielded data from 11,697 additional samples published in numerous professional journals, theses and databases. The data of the CMIBS were checked for accuracy regarding sample location, sample media type, and analytical methods used.

The Global Geochemical Database for Critical Metals in Black Shales (CMIBS) contains new geochemical data compilations for fine-grained sedimentary rocks in which each geologic material sample has one best value determination for each analyzed species, greatly improving speed and efficiency of use (Granitto and others, 2013). The CMIBS was created and designed to compile and integrate geochemical data from seven continents in order to facilitate petrologic studies, mineral resource assessments and mineral exploration, definition of geochemical baseline values and statistics, environmental impact assessments, paleobiological studies and paleoenvironmental trends through Earth history. and studies in human health and environmental geochemistry. The primary goal was to compile geochemical data for stratigraphic rock sequences containing dominantly fine-grained clastic rocks with appreciable organic carbon (>0.5 weight percent), collectively termed and referred to herein as black shale facies samples but comprised of all fine-grained clastic rocks such as argillite, mudstone, claystone, and their low-medium grade metamorphic equivalents. In some cases, minor other lithologies within the stratigraphic sequences such as limestone,coal,or tuff layers are also included. The particular focus of the database was on black shale facies samples in regions and stratigraphic sequences known to contain high concentrations of critical metals such as Ni, Mo, PGE, Se, U, and V. Therefore, this relational database serves as a data archive in support of present and future geologic and geochemical studies of critical metals in black shale facies samples, although a wide range of inorganic elements other than the above mentioned critical metals are included. The database contains data tables in two different formats describing historical and new quantitative and qualitative geochemical analyses. The analytical results were determined by more than 130 laboratory and field analytical methods on 89,877 samples, of which 89,443 are rock, 170 are geologic material, 121 are sediment, 92 are soil and 2 are organic samples. The non-rock samples were included in the database because they were usually related to the black shale facies samples below them stratigraphically (in drill core, for example). Many of the samples are organic rich to the point that they are actually coal samples. More than 75 percent of the samples were collected by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) personnel and analyzed in USGS laboratories or, under contracts, in commercial analytical laboratories. These data represent analyses of samples collected as part of various USGS programs and projects from 1961 through 2014. The CMIBS includes historical geochemical data originally archived in the USGS Rock Analysis Storage System (RASS) database, used from the mid-1960s through the late 1980s and the USGS PLUTO database used from the mid-1970s through the mid-1990s. All of these data are currently maintained in the USGS National Geochemical Database (NGDB). Retrievals from the NGDB were used to generate more than 3/4 of the CMIBS data set. Also included in the CMIBS are data from 11,084 samples of the Canadian Mining Industry Research Organization (CAMIRO) Project 08E04: Geochemistry of Shales as Vectors to Ore Deposits. This global black shale facies dataset was shared with the USGS for inclusion in the CMIBS. Bibliographic research for geochemical data of black shale facies yielded data from 11,697 additional samples published in numerous professional journals, theses and databases. The data of the CMIBS were checked for accuracy regarding sample location, sample media type, and analytical methods used.