This data set represents the extent, approximate location and type of wetlands and deepwater habitats in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. These data delineate the areal extent of wetlands and surface waters as defined by Cowardin et al. (1979). Certain wetland habitats may be excluded from this mapping program because of the limitations of aerial imagery as the primary data source used to detect wetlands. These habitats include seagrasses or submerged aquatic vegetation that are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones of estuaries and near shore coastal waters. Some deepwater reef communities (coral or tuberficid worm reefs) have also been excluded from the inventory. These habitats, because of their depth, go undetected by aerial imagery. This dataset should be used in conjunction with the Wetlands Project Metadata layer, which contains project specific wetlands mapping procedures and information on dates, scales and emulsion of imagery used to map the wetlands within specific project boundaries.

The Great Smoky Mountains National Park Hydrology dataset is a value-added attribution of data produced by Great Smoky Mountains National Park and published by the USGS NHD. Not to be confused with the USGS NHD Plus Dataset, the park has published these data as an interim while the NHD Plus "catches up" with recently-updated NHD Stream Data within the park footprint. These data have been attributed in the following way: Strahler Stream Order: In the Strahler method, all links without any tributaries are assigned an order of 1 and are referred to as first order. The stream order increases when streams of the same order intersect. Therefore, the intersection of two first-order links will create a second-order link, the intersection of two second-order links will create a third-order link, and so on. The intersection of two links of different orders, however, will not result in an increase in order. For example, the intersection of a first-order and second-order link will not create a third-order link but will retain the order of the highest ordered link. If the node is a leaf (has no children), its Strahler number is one. If the node has one child with Strahler number i, and all other children have Strahler numbers less than i, then the Strahler number of the node is i again. If the node has two or more children with Strahler number i, and no children with greater number, then the Strahler number of the node is i + 1. The Strahler number of a tree is the number of its root node. Algorithmically, these numbers may be assigned by performing a depth-first search and assigning each node's number in postorder. The same numbers may also be generated via a pruning process in which the tree is simplified in a sequence of stages, where in each stage one removes all leaf nodes and all of the paths of degree-one nodes leading to leaves: the Strahler number of a node is the stage at which it would be removed by this process, and the Strahler number of a tree is the number of stages required to remove all of its nodes. Another equivalent definition of the Strahler number of a tree is that it is the height of the largest complete binary tree that can be homeomorphically embedded into the given tree; the Strahler number of a node in a tree is similarly the height of the largest complete binary tree that can be embedded below that node. Any node with Strahler number i must have at least two descendants with Strahler number i − 1, at least four descendants with Strahler number i − 2, etc., and at least 2i − 1 leaf descendants. Therefore, in a tree with n nodes, the largest possible Strahler number is log2 n. However, unless the tree forms a complete binary tree its Strahler number will be less than this bound. In an n-node binary tree, chosen uniformly at random among all possible binary trees, the expected index of the root is with high probability very close to log4. Sinuosity: A river’s sinuosity is its tendency to move back and forth across its floodplain, in an S-shaped pattern, over time. As the stream meanders across the flood plain, it may leave behind scars of where the river channel once was. A stream that doesn't meander at all has a sinuosity of 1. The more meanders in a stream, the closer the sinuosity value will get to 0. For single-thread stream channels, the sinuosity index is calculated for each reach using its two endpoints (Upstream point A, Downstream point B). The ratio of the sinuous length tho the straight-line distance is Channel Sinuosity value for the reach. The sinuous length is measured down the centerline of the channel. Divide the sinuous length by the straight-line distance between the same two points. Sinuosity values range from 1 to 4 (or so). A completely straight channel will have a sinuosity of 1. Channels with ratios ~1.5 are called sinuous channels. Channels with higher ratios are called meandering channels. Values are commonly reported to two decimal places, but there’s no firm rule. This is a very large

A feature class depicting geographic locations where permanent water quality monitoring locations have been established in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This includes monitoring location sites established by the National Park Service and other state and federal agencies responsible for water quality monitoring and reporting. Agencies responsible for a monitoring location are listed in the attributes ORGANIZATIONIDENTIFIER and ORGANIZATIONFORMALNAME. For the display, query, and analysis of legacy and current hydrology spatial and tabular data; Consolidate and centralize a very diverse range and quantity of monitoring location site data from numerous programs and protocols; Mitigate the duplication of monitoring location data across shared systems; Allow for single-source identification and management of monitoring location sites that are "co-located"; Provide a single point of data entry, management, query, analysis, and display of water quality data from numerous sources, including STORET which are sourced from an accurate monitoring location database; Enable spatial relationship of water quality monitoring data to High-Resolution USGS NHD Reaches through the use of modern GIS, database, and statistics software; Support USGS and EPA standards for spatial and non-spatial hydrology and water quality data exchange and sharing. Very important details are included in the attached metadata document and should be read thoroughly before these data are used.

Procedures are from the NRSA Field Operations Manual 1. In situ Measure in situ DO, pH, water temperature, and conductivity using a calibrated multi-parameter water quality meter (or sonde). Take the measurements mid-channel at the X-site. Take the readings at 0.5 m depth. Measure the site depth accurately before taking the measurements. If the depth at the x-site is less than 1 meter, take the measurements at mid-depth. 2. Water Chemistry The water chemistry samples will be analyzed for total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total ammonium(NH4), nitrate (NO3), basic anions, cations, total suspended solids (TSS),turbidity, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and total organic carbon (TOC). Using a 3 L Nalgene beaker, collect a grab sample into one 4L cube container (for water chemistry)and one 2L amber Nalgene bottle (for chlorophyll a from the X site at the midpoint of the stream. After collection, store all samples on ice in a closed cooler. Filter the chlorophyll-a sample, the filters must be kept frozen until ready to ship. 3. Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collect benthic macroinvertebrate composite sample using a D-frame net with 500 micron mesh openings. Individual samples will be collected from 11 transects equally distributed along the reach. Composite sample and preserve in 95% ethanol. 4. Periphyton Collect periphyton from the 11 cross transects established withing the sample reach. 5. Physical Habitat Field measurements for physical habitat are made at two scales of resolution along the mid-channel length of the reach, and the results are later aggregated and expressed for the entire reach. The protocol defines the length of each sampling reach proportional to stream channel wetted width and then systematically places measurements to statistically represent the entire reach. Measurements will consist of: Thalweg profile and large woody debris tally, Channel cross section and riparian cross section, channel constraint and torrent evidence, bank slope, canopy cover, instream fish cover, algea, aquatic macrophytes, human influence and stream discharge. 6. Fecal Indicator A fecal indicator sample at the last transect (Transect K) after all other sampling is completed. Filters will be frozen within six hours of collection. A pre-sterilized, 250 ml bottle will be used to collect the sample approximately 1 m off the bank at about 0.3 meter (12 inches) below the water. 7. Fish Assemblage The fish sampling method is designed to provide a representative sample of the fish community, collecting all but the rarest fish taxa inhabiting the site. It is intended to accurately represent species richness, species guilds, relative abundance, size and presence of anomalies. Fish will be collected using a backpack electrofisher and placed into an aerated container then sorted by species, recorded and returned to the stream. Any voucher specimens will be collected by photograph only.

This data package was created 2024-10-17 16:33:32 by NPSTORET and includes selected project, location, and result data. Data contained in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park NPSTORET back-end file (GRSM_NPSTORET_BE_20240510_20240510_1245.ACCDB) were filtered to include: Organization: - GRSM: Great Smoky Mountains National Park Project: - GRSM_ND: GRSM Noland Divide Water Quality Monitoring Station: - Include Trip QC And All Station Visit Results Value Status: - Accepted or Certified (exported as Final) or Final The data package is organized into five data tables: - Projects.csv - describes the purpose and background of the monitoring efforts - Locations.csv - documents the attributes of the monitoring locations/stations - Results.csv - contains the field measurements, observations, and/or lab analyses for each sample/event/data grouping - HUC.csv - enumerates the domain of allowed values for 8-digit and 12-digit hydrologic unit codes utilized by the Locations datatable - Characteristics.csv - enumerates the domain of characteristics available in NPSTORET to identify what was sampled, measured or observed in Results Period of record for filtered data is 1991-07-05 to 2023-12-15. This data package is a snapshot in time of one National Park Service project. The most current data for this project, which may be more or less extensive than that in this data package, can be found on the Water Quality Portal at: https://www.waterqualitydata.us/data/Result/search?project=GRSM_ND

This data package was created 2024-06-20 16:34:08 by NPSTORET and includes selected project, location, and result data. Data contained in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park NPSTORET back-end file (GRSM_NPSTORET_BE_20240510.ACCDB) were filtered to include: Organization: - GRSM: Great Smoky Mountains National Park Project: - GRSM_ND: GRSM Noland Divide Water Quality Monitoring Station: - Include Trip QC And All Station Visit Results Value Status: - Accepted or Certified (exported as Final) or Final The data package is organized into five data tables: - Projects.csv - describes the purpose and background of the monitoring efforts - Locations.csv - documents the attributes of the monitoring locations/stations - Results.csv - contains the field measurements, observations, and/or lab analyses for each sample/event/data grouping - HUC12.csv - enumerates the domain of allowed values for 12-digit hydrologic unit codes utilized by the Locations datatable - Characteristics.csv - enumerates the domain of characteristics available in NPSTORET to identify what was sampled, measured or observed in Results Period of record for filtered data is 1991-07-05 to 2023-12-15. This data package is a snapshot in time of one National Park Service project. The most current data for this project, which may be more or less extensive than that in this data package, can be found on the Water Quality Portal at: https://www.waterqualitydata.us/data/Result/search?project=GRSM_ND

The National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) and Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD) are used to portray surface water on The National Map. The NHD represents the drainage network with features such as rivers, streams, canals, lakes, ponds, coastline, dams, and stream gauges. The WBD represents drainage basins as enclosed areas in eight different size categories. Both datasets represent the real world at a nominal scale of 1:24,000-scale, which means that one inch of The National Map data equals 2,000 feet on the ground. To maintain mapping clarity not all water features are represented and those that are use a moderate level of detail. Great Smoky Mountains National Park makes these data available in this form such that users can: effectively manipulate data for park mapping activities that do not require the acquisition of a large, nation-wide data set; alter symbology and rendering parameters natively; restrict analysis of geospatial data to an extent that coincides with the park footprint. The National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) is a feature-based database that interconnects and uniquely identifies the stream segments or reaches that make up the parks' surface water drainage system. NHD data was originally developed at 1:100,000-scale and exists at that scale for the whole country. This high-resolution NHD, generally developed at 1:24,000/1:12,000 scale, adds detail to the original 1:100,000-scale NHD. Local resolution NHD is being developed where partners and data exist. The NHD contains reach codes for networked features, flow direction, names, and centerline representations for areal water bodies. The NHD also incorporates the National Spatial Data Infrastructure framework criteria established by the Federal Geographic Data Committee.

This data package was created 2025-04-24 10:42:52 by NPSTORET and includes selected project, location, and result data. Data contained in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park NPSTORET back-end file (GRSM_NPSTORET_BE_20250409.ACCDB) were filtered to include: Organization: - GRSM: Great Smoky Mountains National Park Project: - GRSM_ND: GRSM Noland Divide Water Quality Monitoring Station: - Include Trip QC And All Station Visit Results Value Status: - Accepted or Certified (exported as Final) or Final The data package is organized into five data tables: - Projects.csv - describes the purpose and background of the monitoring efforts - Locations.csv - documents the attributes of the monitoring locations/stations - Results.csv - contains the field measurements, observations, and/or lab analyses for each sample/event/data grouping - HUC.csv - enumerates the domain of allowed values for 8-digit and 12-digit hydrologic unit codes utilized by the Locations data table - Characteristics.csv - enumerates the domain of characteristics available in NPSTORET to identify what was sampled, measured or observed in Results Period of record for filtered data is 1991-07-05 to 2024-12-19. This data package is a snapshot in time of one National Park Service project. The most current data for this project, which may be more or less extensive than that in this data package, can be found on the Water Quality Portal at: https://www.waterqualitydata.us/data/Result/search?project=GRSM_ND&mimeType=csv&zip=yes&dataProfile=biological&providers=STORET

This data package was created 2025-04-22 18:31:25 by NPSTORET and includes selected project, location, and result data. Data contained in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park NPSTORET back-end file (GRSM_NPSTORET_BE_20250409.ACCDB) were filtered to include: Organization: - GRSM: Great Smoky Mountains National Park Project: - GRSM_WQ: GRSM Parkwide Water Quality Survey Station: - Include Trip QC And All Station Visit Results Value Status: - Accepted or Certified (exported as Final) or Final The data package is organized into five data tables: - Projects.csv - describes the purpose and background of the monitoring efforts - Locations.csv - documents the attributes of the monitoring locations/stations - Results.csv - contains the field measurements, observations, and/or lab analyses for each sample/event/data grouping - HUC.csv - enumerates the domain of allowed values for 8-digit and 12-digit hydrologic unit codes utilized by the Locations data table - Characteristics.csv - enumerates the domain of characteristics available in NPSTORET to identify what was sampled, measured or observed in Results Period of record for filtered data is 1993-10-01 to 2024-11-19. This data package is a snapshot in time of one National Park Service project. The most current data for this project, which may be more or less extensive than that in this data package, can be found on the Water Quality Portal at: https://www.waterqualitydata.us/data/Result/search?project=GRSM_WQ&mimeType=csv&zip=yes&dataProfile=biological&providers=STORET

This data package was created 2024-10-17 16:52:40 by NPSTORET and includes selected project, location, and result data. Data contained in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park NPSTORET back-end file (GRSM_NPSTORET_BE_20240510_20240510_1245.ACCDB) were filtered to include: Organization: - GRSM: Great Smoky Mountains National Park Project: - GRSM_WQ: GRSM Parkwide Water Quality Survey Station: - Include Trip QC And All Station Visit Results Value Status: - Accepted or Certified (exported as Final) or Final The data package is organized into five data tables: - Projects.csv - describes the purpose and background of the monitoring efforts - Locations.csv - documents the attributes of the monitoring locations/stations - Results.csv - contains the field measurements, observations, and/or lab analyses for each sample/event/data grouping - HUC.csv - enumerates the domain of allowed values for 8-digit and 12-digit hydrologic unit codes utilized by the Locations data table - Characteristics.csv - enumerates the domain of characteristics available in NPSTORET to identify what was sampled, measured or observed in Results Period of record for filtered data is 1993-10-01 to 2023-11-20. This data package is a snapshot in time of one National Park Service project. The most current data for this project, which may be more or less extensive than that in this data package, can be found on the Water Quality Portal at: https://www.waterqualitydata.us/data/Result/search?project=GRSM_WQ&mimeType=csv&zip=yes&dataProfile=biological&providers=STORET