The data sets consist of static and kinematic GPS data collected on the mery Ice Shelf using Leica 399 receivers. Additional GPS data were collected at Beaver Lake, Hamm Peak, Moushino Is., New Year Nunataks, Jetty Peninsula, and Else Platform. Most data are provided in UNIX Z compressed RINEX (Receiver INdependent EXchange) format, as described in the IGS standards - see http://www.igs.org/products Some data are compressed using the RINEX Hatanaka compression scheme. The standard RINEX file naming convention is used, i.e., an eight digit file name as bbbbddds.yyt, where bbbb refers to a four digit station name, ddd refers to the day number of the year, s refers to a session number and yyt is the file extension number where yy refers to the year and t defines the file type (o for observation file and n for navigation file. d indicates an observation file compressed using the Hatanaka compression scheme). All files are compressed using the UNIX Z compression scheme, as shown by the extension .Z. For example, base0010.98o.Z, base0010.98n.Z, base0010.98d.Z. The files are set out in the following directories on the submitted CD: season1998_1999 \amery \amery\camp \beaver GPS data collected at the permanent stations at Casey, Davis and Mawson are available from Geoscience Australia - see http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/antarc/antgps.jsp The fields in this dataset are: marker number marker name observer/agency approx position antenna wavelength GPS Amery ice shelf

Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) was used to study the effect of sloping the ice-shelves on the dissolution/melt rate at the ice-ocean interface. The simulations were done on the HPC Raijin at NCI, Canberra over March 2015 to June 2017. Numerical experiments were carried out over a range of slope angle (5 degrees – 90 degrees) of the ice-shelves measured from the horizon. Turbulent flow field is simulated over the domain length of 1.8 m, (for slope angle greater than or equal to 50 degrees) and 20 m (for slope angle less than or equal to 20 degrees) respectively; the flow-field is laminar otherwise. A constant ambient temperature 2.3 degrees C and salinity 35 psu is maintained throughout the simulations. The DNS successfully resolved all possible turbulence length scales and relative contributions of diffusive and turbulent heat transfer into the ice wall is measured. Data available: Excel file Meltrate_vs_slopeangle_lam_turb.xlsx contains both simulated laminar and turbulent dissolution/melt rate as a function of slope angle along with their analytical values based on laminar and turbulent scaling theory respectively.

Balance Ice Velocities for the Antarctic ice sheet. These ice velocities (in m/yr) represent the (hypothetical) distribution of depth-averaged ice velocities that would keep the Antarctic ice sheet in its present shape (i.e. surface topography and thickness), under the influence of a prescribed accumulation distribution. The present fluxes were computed using computer code BalanceV2 (by Warner) (outlined in Budd and Warner 1996, and detailed in Fricker, Warner and Allison 2000), using the surface accumulation dataset of Vaughan et al (1999), the ice sheet surface elevation dataset distributed by BEDMAP (attributed to Liu et al 1999), and the ice sheet thickness compilation distributed by the BEDMAP consortium (Lythe et al 2001).

Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) was used to study the effect of sloping the ice-shelves on the dissolution/melt rate at the ice-ocean interface. The simulations were done on the HPC Raijin at NCI, Canberra over March 2015 to June 2017. Numerical experiments were carried out over a range of slope angle (5 degrees – 90 degrees) of the ice-shelves measured from the horizon. Turbulent flow field is simulated over the domain length of 1.8 m, (for slope angle greater than or equal to 50 degrees) and 20 m (for slope angle less than or equal to 20 degrees) respectively; the flow-field is laminar otherwise. A constant ambient temperature 2.3 degrees C and salinity 35 psu is maintained throughout the simulations. The DNS successfully resolved all possible turbulence length scales and relative contributions of diffusive and turbulent heat transfer into the ice wall is measured. Data available: Excel file Profile_salinity_temperature_velocity.xlsx contains along-slope velocity, temperature and salinity as a function of wall normal distance for slope angle 50 degrees, 65 degrees and 90 degrees respectively for the domain length 1.8 m.

This dataset contains ice motion observations made under the Australian Antarctic Program, projects 4593 and 4506. Data was obtained using two open-source ice motion loggers, hereafter ice buoys. Two ice buoys were deployed on landfast ice just north of the Swain Group, Antarctica (66.2 degr. S, 110.6 degr. E), on 13 October 2020. Instruments were retrieved on 10 November 2020. The ice buoys measure motion in 9-degrees-of-freedom at 10Hz using a VectorNAV VN-100 IMU, with an accuracy of O(mm) for short waves and O(cm) for long waves. Both instruments also record their geographical location through GPS. Full time series of their motion is processed on board and summaries are send through Iridium. Wave spectra and GPS coordinates were transmitted roughly every 4 hours. The dataset comprises the raw data measured by the two ice buoys, we have referred to them as AAD_17 and AAD_18 for administrative reasons. Data output for each buoy is: A = vertical acceleration (mean subtracted) (m/s^2); P = pitch (degrees); R = roll motion (degrees); z = surface elevation (m); t = UTC time (Matlab ‘datenum’ format, i.e., days since year 0000); lat = latitude; lon = longitude. The geographical coordinates ‘lat’ and ‘lon’ are in degrees.

Digital Elevation Model of the Amery Ice Shelf derived from ERS satellite radar altimetry elevation data. Generated on a 1-km polar stereographic grid using kriging in four sections by Helen Amanda Phillips, Antarctic CRC/IASOS. Three files are available for download: Amery Ice Shelf DEM from satellite altimeter data version relative to WGS-84 ellipsoid, Amery Ice Shelf DEM from satellite altimeter data version relative to EGM96 geoid, A thickness dataset that was derived from the AIS-DEM. Each file constitutes 122,385 lines of data (+ 4 lines of header information). The fields in this dataset are: Latitude Longitude Geodial Height in metres above sea level (WGS-84 and EGM-96) Thickness

This dataset contains records of ice thickness and snow thickness from Davis Antarctica. Measurements were attempted on a weekly basis and have been recorded since 1957 and are ongoing, although data have only been archived here until 2002. The observations are not continuous however. The dataset is available via the provided URL. This data were also collected as part of ASAC projects 189 and 741. Logbook(s): Glaciology Davis Sea Ice Logs 1992-1999

Ice shelf surface elevation data from an oversnow ground-based traverse along the centre of the Amery Ice Shelf from A509 (69.06 S, 72.15 E) to T4 (71.22 S, 69.48 E), including two transverse arms; between G1 (69.49 S, 71.72 E) and A119 (69.81 S, 73.28 E); and between T3 (70.79 S, 68.89 E) and T2 (71.00 S, 70.75 E) during the 1968 spring-summer season. More information can be found at the BEDMAP website. The fields in this dataset are: Mission ID Latitude Longitude Ice Thickness Surface Elevation Water Column Thickness Bed Elevation

This indicator is no longer maintained, and is considered OBSOLETE. INDICATOR DEFINITION Regular measurements of the thickness of the fast ice, and of the snow cover that forms on it, are made through drilled holes at several sites near both Mawson and Davis. TYPE OF INDICATOR There are three types of indicators used in this report: 1.Describes the CONDITION of important elements of a system; 2.Show the extent of the major PRESSURES exerted on a system; 3.Determine RESPONSES to either condition or changes in the condition of a system. This indicator is one of: CONDITION RATIONALE FOR INDICATOR SELECTION Each season around the end of March, the ocean surface around Antarctica freezes to form sea ice. Close to the coast in some regions (e.g. near Mawson and Davis stations) this ice remains fastened to the land throughout the winter and is called fast ice. The thickness and growth rate of fast ice are determined purely by energy exchanges at the air-ice and ice-water interfaces. This contrasts with moving pack ice where deformational processes of rafting and ridging also determine the ice thickness. The maximum thickness that the fast ice reaches, and the date on which it reaches that maximum, represent an integration of the atmospheric and oceanic conditions. Changes in ice thickness represent changes in either oceanic or atmospheric heat transfer. Thicker fast ice reflects either a decrease in air temperature or decreasing oceanic heat flux. These effects can be extrapolated to encompass large-scale ocean-atmosphere processes and potentially, global climate change. DESIGN AND STRATEGY FOR INDICATOR MONITORING PROGRAM Spatial Scale: At sites near Australian Antarctic continental stations: Davis; Mawson. Frequency: at least weekly, reported annually Measurement Technique: Tape measurements through freshly drilled 5 cm diameter holes in the ice at marked sites. RESEARCH ISSUES To more effectively analyse the changes in Antarctic fast ice a detailed long-term dataset of sea ice conditions needs to be established. This would provide a baseline for future comparisons and contribute important data for climate modelling and aid the detection of changes that may occur due to climate or environmental change. LINKS TO OTHER INDICATORS SOE Indicator 1 - Monthly mean air temperatures at Australian Antarctic stations SOE Indicator 40 - Average sea surface temperatures in latitude bands 40-50oS, 50-60oS, 60oS-continent SOE Indicator 41 - Average sea surface salinity in latitude bands: 40-50oS, 50-60oS, 60oS-continent SOE Indicator 42 - Antarctic sea ice extent and concentration The fast ice data are also available as a direct download via the url given below. The data are in word documents, and are divided up by year and site (there are three sites (a,b,c) at each station). Snow thickness data have also been included. A pdf document detailing how the observations are collected is also available for download.