This dataset contains ice motion observations made under the Australian Antarctic Program, Projects 4593 and 4506. Data was obtained using two Spotter wave buoys (Sofar Ocean Technologies), hereafter wave buoys, and two open-source ice motion loggers, hereafter ice buoys. Instruments were deployed on (land)fast ice on the eastern rim of the Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica (69.2 degr. S, 76.3 degr. E), on 7 December 2019. After the break-up of the ice occurring at the start of January 2020, instrumentation started to drift with the ice. Last transmission recorded was on 10 March 2020. The wave buoys measure their 3-axis motion at 2.5 Hz through GPS and have an accuracy of approximately 2 cm for the recorded significant wave height. The ice buoys measure motion in 9-degrees-of-freedom at 10Hz using a VectorNAV VN-100 IMU, with an accuracy of O(mm) for short waves and O(cm) for long waves. Both instruments also record their geographical location through GPS. Full time series of their motion is processed on board and summaries are send through Iridium. For the ice buoy wave spectra were transmitted roughly every 3 hours. The transmission interval for the wave boys was variable, ranging from every half an hour to every 3 hours. Data transmitted by the wave buoys was either integral wave properties or the complete wave spectrum. In the dataset, WB and IB are abbreviations for wave buoy and ice buoy, respectively. This dataset includes all observations transmitted during the measurement campaign (WB1, WB2, IB1, IB2). E = wave energy spectrum (m2/s); f = wave frequency (Hz); a1, a2, b1, b2 = Fourier coefficients; Hs = significant wave height (m); Tp = peak period (s); Tm01 = mean period (s); Dir_peak/mean = peak and mean wave direction and 'spr' refers to spreading; volt = battery voltage (V). Time is in UTC, and in Matlab’s datenum format (i.e. the number of days since year 0000). The geographical coordinates ‘lat’ and ‘lon’ (latitude and longitude, respectively) are in degrees. Note, as the ice buoys transmit the GPS coordinates and wave data in separate data messages, for the ice buoys ‘time’ refers to the reference time of the wave properties Hs and Tp, whereas ‘GPStime’ refers to the reference time of the geographical coordinates (lat and lon). For the wave buoy, all data is transmitted at the same time.

AAS_4506_Buoys_Casey_2021_2022_2024 This dataset contains observations by wave-ice buoys made under the Australian Antarctic Program, Project 4506. Deployments were done in 2021, 2022, and 2024. Buoys were initially deployed on landfast sea ice, near Casey Station (66.2 degrees South, 110.63 degrees East). Data includes buoy longitude/latitude coordinates and measured wave spectrum. Data 2021: Four wave-ice buoys were deployed on the 10th of September on landfast sea ice. Due to rapidly changing sea ice conditions, three buoys (Rabault et al., 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102955) were deployed parallel to the coast, and the fourth buoy perpendicular to the coast. Two of these buoys included a wind anemometer providing observations of mean wind speed at a height of 90 cm above the surface (6410 Anemometer - Davis Instruments). The sea ice thickness at the time of deployment was between 120--130 cm with snow thickness between 12--20 cm. One buoy broke out at the start of October and the last signal transmitted by this buoy was on the 17th of November 2021. Data 2022: The second experiment started on the 25th of August 2022 with four OpenMetBuoys (OMBs) (Rabault et al., 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12030110) deployed on landfast sea ice. The OMBs were deployed along a transect roughly perpendicular to the fast sea ice edge. The sea ice thickness was measured during the deployment at 65--76 cm. Data transmission from three buoys was lost within two weeks of the deployment date. During a site revisit, the located buoys were found to have been covered by 30 cm of snow which was expected to be the cause of transmission loss. One of the buoys broke out starting on the 12th of October. Last transmission occurred on the 8th of January 2023, which is close to the expected depletion date of the battery. Data 2024: Instruments were deployed on landfast sea ice on the 3rd of October 2024, comprising of three OMBs, deployed along a transect perpendicular to the local fast sea ice edge. Sea ice and snow thickness was measured at the time of deployment and was 55 and 14 cm, respectively, for the two buoys closest to the fast sea ice edge, whereas the buoy closest to the coast was on sea ice and snow of thickness 92 and 30 cm, respectively. After one week, the buoy closest to the coast stopped transmitting due to unknown reasons. The sea ice surrounding the other two buoys started to breakup on the 19th of November leading to breakout of two buoys. The second buoy stopped transmitting on the 27th of November and was at that time only 9.6 km separated from the first buoy. The cause of failure is unknown, but it is noteworthy that also the first buoy stopped transmitting around the same time for two days before reconnecting. We therefore suspect snowfall to be the cause. The first buoy continued to drift westward and the last transmission was received on the 13th of January 2025.

This dataset contains ice motion observations made under the Australian Antarctic Program, Projects 4593 and 4506. Measurements of ice motion where made on (land)fast ice on the eastern rim of the Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica (69.2 degr. S, 76.3 degr. E) and on landfast ice in Gronfjorden, Svalbard (78.0 degr. N, 14.2 degr. E). Data was obtained using Spotter wave buoys (Sofar Ocean Technologies), hereafter wave buoys, and open-source ice motion loggers, hereafter ice buoys. Instrumentation was deployed on top of the sea ice with the main motivation to measure its vertical motion due to ocean waves. The wave buoys 3-axis measure motion at 2.5 Hz through GPS and have an accuracy of approximately 2 cm for the significant wave height. The ice buoys measure motion in 9-degrees-of-freedom at 10Hz using a VectorNAV VN-100 IMU, accuracy is O(mm) for short waves and O(cm) for long waves. Both instruments also record their geographical location through GPS. Full time series of their motion is processed on board and summaries are send through Iridium. For the wave buoy, this occurred at an interval of 30 minutes. For the ice buoy this occurred every 3 hours. In the dataset, WB and IB are abbreviations for wave buoy and ice buoy, respectively. This dataset covers 2-8 January 2020 for the Antarctic campaign (WB1, WB2, IB1, IB2) and 14-28 March for the Arctic campaign (IB3, IB4, IB5) and includes significant wave height, peak period and the geographical coordinates of the instrumentation. ‘Hs’ refers to significant wave height (in meters). ‘Tp’ refers to peak period (in seconds). Time is in UTC, and in Matlab’s datenum format (i.e. the number of days since year 0000). The geographical coordinates ‘lat’ and ‘lon’ (latitude and longitude, respectively) are in degrees. Note, as the ice buoys transmit the GPS coordinates and wave data in separate data messages, for the ice buoys ‘time’ refers to the reference time of the wave properties Hs and Tp, whereas ‘time_latlon’ refers to the reference time of the geographical coordinates. For the wave buoy, all data is transmitted in one message.

In situ measurements of ice and snow thickness, and freeboard along an irregular transect on the fast, complementing the repeat ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) transects. During our deployment at Davis in 2015 logistics and environmental conditions permitted measurements along 4 transects. The location of the reference grid (ROV box) had its origin (x=0, y=0) at (-68.568904 degrees N,+77.945439 degrees E). Transects 1 – 4 started at x=60, x=70, x=80 and x=90 m and were sampled at y-positions of 0m, 0.5m, 1m, 2m, 4m, 8m, 16m, 32m, 64m, 128m, (256m, and 512m), respectively. Depending on working conditions the overall transect lengths varied from 128 – 512 m. Sampling dates for in situ ice physcis: Transect ID Date of sampling Zice and FB measured at Ice core taken at Snowpit measured at T1 19/11/2015 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, … 64m. 0m, 128m, 512m 0m, 128m, 512m T2 23/11/2015 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, … 64m. 0m, 128m, 512m 0m, 128m T3 29/11/2015 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, … 64m. 0m, 128m 0m, 128m T4 02/12/2015 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, … 64m. 0m, 128m 0m, 128m Ice cores and snow pits were collected at the 0m, 50m and 100m mark along the transect, where possible. Additionally, ice cores for density analysis were taken at a few of the ice-core sites for independent verification of ice density.

Data was obtained from 31-Aug-2021 to 10-Oct-2021. The experiment consists of 3x Geophone loggers deployed on landfast ice just north of Casey station. Geophone loggers record vibrations using a tri-axis GS-ONE geophone. The tri-axis geophone was dug slightly in the top layer of the ice (few centimeters), and the hole was filled with a mixture of snow and fresh water to create a slush for rapid refreezing. The geophone converts motion of a mass suspended by a spring to a voltage. The voltage is proportional to the velocity of the mass' motion. The GS-One has a (open-circuit) sensitivity of 85.8 V/m/s (+- 3.5%) and a corner frequency of 10Hz. Spurious frequency is 240 Hz. The geophone will still respond to vibrations of frequencies <10 Hz, but is simply less sensitive (see Page 2 of the enclosed datasheet). The geophone output is 3x a voltage, corresponding to the x, y and z direction. The signals are first amplified (using an INA122). The z-signal is split and amplified in three different ways to increase the dynamic range of measurements of vertical vibrations. The following gains were used: x = gain of 5, y = gain of 5, z1 = gain of 5, z2 = gain of 50, z3 = gain of 1000. Data is recorded on a microcontroller at 1000Hz, at 12-bit resolution. GPS was used to record geographical coordinates and high accuracy time-fixes. Time-fixes are accurate at 1 millisecond to allow for cross-comparison of high frequency vibrations between instruments. Dataset includes timeseries of sea ice vibrations recorded by three vibration loggers deployed on fast ice between 31-Aug-2021 and 10-Oct-2021. These vibration loggers consist of a geophone to record vibrations, and are referred to as G1, G2 and G3. G2 failed to record when deployed on the ice so no useful data was obtained for this instrument. Each measurement record number has a unique number F0000XXXX, with XXXX increasing inclemently. Each measurement is 15 min long and consists of a 'Data' and 'GPS' file. The Data file has 5 columns, giving time, x, y, z1, z2 and z3, respectively. The analogue voltage signals were amplified with the following gains: x = gain of 5, y = gain of 5, z1 = gain of 5, z2 = gain of 50, z3 = gain of 1000. Note, z1, z2 and z3 are derived from the vertical axis of the geophone. We note that vibrations were in general very small and only z3 seems to have recorded noticeable vibrations. Output of geophones is in Volt, however, the units of the vibration signals are in bit-resolution. The microcontroller has a 12-bit ADC, meaning that the measurable range of 3.3V is converted to a range of 0 to 12^2, i.e., 0-4095. The geophones have a sensitivity of 85.8 V/m/s, but were not calibrated, thus cannot be converted to obtain surface elevation. A bias voltage of 3.3/2 V was applied, such that the signal in rest will show a value of about 2046, i.e., 1.65V. If a fix was obtained within the 15-minutes of recording, one GPRMC message is shown in the GPS file. It contains information about the location of the instrument to keep track of where it was deployed. Note, none of the instruments drifted out. As an example, the following typical GPRMC message may be shown: $GPRMC,231220.000,A,6613.1212,S,11037.8747,E,0.00,350.32,051021,,,D*7C where '6613.1212,S' means 66 deg. 13.1212 min South and '11037.8747,E' means 110 deg. 37.8747 min West. If no GPS fix was obtained, these coordinates will be empty in the GPS file. Also note, that if no GPS fix was obtained, the absolute time (date) cannot be provided, although the relative accuracy remains fine.

Observations of the sea ice cover at Wilkes base in Autumn-Winter 1963. Includes water temperature, air temperature, wind speed and direction, cloud cover, relative humidity, and general notes. These documents have been archived at the Australian Antarctic Division.

Two Waves In Ice Observation Systems (Kohout, Alison L., Bill Penrose, Scott Penrose, and Michael J M Williams. 2015. “A Device for Measuring Wave-Induced Motion of Ice Floes in the Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone.” Annals of Glaciology 56 (69): 415–24. doi:10.3189/2015AoG69A600) were deployed about 1.5 km apart on ice floes close to latitude 62.8 S and longitude 29.8 E on 4th July 2017 (NYU1 and NYU2). The region where the instruments were deployed (Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone) consisted of first-year ice on average 40 – 60 cm thick. The instruments were deployed by hand by three people, lowered by crane from the ship to the ice on a basket cradle. NYU 1 was deployed on a rectangular ice floe of length 8 m and width 3 m, with a thickness of about 40 – 50 cm. NYU 2 was deployed on a triangular ice floe of length 4 m and thickness 40 cm. The temporal resolution is variability (every 15 minutes to 2 hourly). The survival of the sensors depended on staying fixed to the floe and the battery life. On 12th July, the sampling rate of NYU 2 was reduced from 15 minutes to 2 hourly to extend the battery life. On 13th July, NYU 1 overheated and the battery dropped below the operating voltage. NYU 2 continued to send back data for another six days, but then stopped sending data for an unknown reason on 19th July. Records can support 1. the assessment of metocean conditions in the Southern Oceans; and 2. calibration and validation of wave and global circulation models.

These data describe pack ice characteristics in the Antarctic sea ice zone. These data are in the ASPeCt format. National program: United States Vessel: Nathaniel B. Palmer Dates in ice: 31 Dec 1998 - 30 Jan 1999 Observers: Martin Jeffries, others Summary of voyage track: 31/12 - 11/1 N-S transect along 165W between 65-75S 13-22/1 S-N transect along 150W between 74-65S 24-30/1 N-S transect along 135W between 69-74S Note: No observations along E-W legs between N-S legs The fields in this dataset are: SEA ICE CONCENTRATION SEA ICE FLOE SIZE SEA ICE SNOW COVER SEA ICE THICKNESS SEA ICE TOPOGRAPHY SEA ICE TYPE RECORD DATE TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE OPEN WATER TRACK SNOW THICKNESS SNOW TYPE SEA TEMPERATURE AIR TEMPERATURE WIND VELOCITY WIND DIRECTION FILM COUNTER FRAME COUNTER FOR FILM VIDEO RECORDER COUNTER VISIBILITY CODE CLOUD WEATHER CODE COMMENTS

These data describe pack ice characteristics in the Antarctic sea ice zone. These data are in the ASPeCt format. National program: United States Vessel: Nathaniel B. Palmer Dates in ice: 07 May 1998 - 11 Jun 1998 Observers: Martin Jeffries, others Summary of voyage track: 7/5 Ice edge at approx. 67S, 180 7-22/5 South along 180 to Ross ice shelf at approx 78S 22-27/5 West into Terra Nova Bay 28/5 - 11/6 Zig zag track to NE through Ross Sea 11/6 Ice edge at approx. 66S, 175W The fields in this dataset are: SEA ICE CONCENTRATION SEA ICE FLOE SIZE SEA ICE SNOW COVER SEA ICE THICKNESS SEA ICE TOPOGRAPHY SEA ICE TYPE RECORD DATE TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE OPEN WATER TRACK SNOW THICKNESS SNOW TYPE SEA TEMPERATURE AIR TEMPERATURE WIND VELOCITY WIND DIRECTION FILM COUNTER FRAME COUNTER FOR FILM VIDEO RECORDER COUNTER VISIBILITY CODE CLOUD WEATHER CODE COMMENTS