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Sea ice vibration observations on landfast ice
Data was obtained from 31-Aug-2021 to 10-Oct-2021. The experiment consists of 3x Geophone loggers deployed on landfast ice just north of Casey station. Geophone loggers record vibrations using a tri-axis GS-ONE geophone. The tri-axis geophone was dug slightly in the top layer of the ice (few centimeters), and the hole was filled with a mixture of snow and fresh water to create a slush for rapid refreezing. The geophone converts motion of a mass suspended by a spring to a voltage. The voltage is proportional to the velocity of the mass' motion. The GS-One has a (open-circuit) sensitivity of 85.8 V/m/s (+- 3.5%) and a corner frequency of 10Hz. Spurious frequency is 240 Hz. The geophone will still respond to vibrations of frequencies <10 Hz, but is simply less sensitive (see Page 2 of the enclosed datasheet). The geophone output is 3x a voltage, corresponding to the x, y and z direction. The signals are first amplified (using an INA122). The z-signal is split and amplified in three different ways to increase the dynamic range of measurements of vertical vibrations. The following gains were used: x = gain of 5, y = gain of 5, z1 = gain of 5, z2 = gain of 50, z3 = gain of 1000. Data is recorded on a microcontroller at 1000Hz, at 12-bit resolution. GPS was used to record geographical coordinates and high accuracy time-fixes. Time-fixes are accurate at 1 millisecond to allow for cross-comparison of high frequency vibrations between instruments. Dataset includes timeseries of sea ice vibrations recorded by three vibration loggers deployed on fast ice between 31-Aug-2021 and 10-Oct-2021. These vibration loggers consist of a geophone to record vibrations, and are referred to as G1, G2 and G3. G2 failed to record when deployed on the ice so no useful data was obtained for this instrument. Each measurement record number has a unique number F0000XXXX, with XXXX increasing inclemently. Each measurement is 15 min long and consists of a 'Data' and 'GPS' file. The Data file has 5 columns, giving time, x, y, z1, z2 and z3, respectively. The analogue voltage signals were amplified with the following gains: x = gain of 5, y = gain of 5, z1 = gain of 5, z2 = gain of 50, z3 = gain of 1000. Note, z1, z2 and z3 are derived from the vertical axis of the geophone. We note that vibrations were in general very small and only z3 seems to have recorded noticeable vibrations. Output of geophones is in Volt, however, the units of the vibration signals are in bit-resolution. The microcontroller has a 12-bit ADC, meaning that the measurable range of 3.3V is converted to a range of 0 to 12^2, i.e., 0-4095. The geophones have a sensitivity of 85.8 V/m/s, but were not calibrated, thus cannot be converted to obtain surface elevation. A bias voltage of 3.3/2 V was applied, such that the signal in rest will show a value of about 2046, i.e., 1.65V. If a fix was obtained within the 15-minutes of recording, one GPRMC message is shown in the GPS file. It contains information about the location of the instrument to keep track of where it was deployed. Note, none of the instruments drifted out. As an example, the following typical GPRMC message may be shown: $GPRMC,231220.000,A,6613.1212,S,11037.8747,E,0.00,350.32,051021,,,D*7C where '6613.1212,S' means 66 deg. 13.1212 min South and '11037.8747,E' means 110 deg. 37.8747 min West. If no GPS fix was obtained, these coordinates will be empty in the GPS file. Also note, that if no GPS fix was obtained, the absolute time (date) cannot be provided, although the relative accuracy remains fine.
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In situ observations of waves in sea ice and sea ice drift near Casey Station
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AAS_4506_Buoys_Casey_2021_2022_2024 This dataset contains observations by wave-ice buoys made under the Australian Antarctic Program, Project 4506. Deployments were done in 2021, 2022, and 2024. Buoys were initially deployed on landfast sea ice, near Casey Station (66.2 degrees South, 110.63 degrees East). Data includes buoy longitude/latitude coordinates and measured wave spectrum. Data 2021: Four wave-ice buoys were deployed on the 10th of September on landfast sea ice. Due to rapidly changing sea ice conditions, three buoys (Rabault et al., 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102955) were deployed parallel to the coast, and the fourth buoy perpendicular to the coast. Two of these buoys included a wind anemometer providing observations of mean wind speed at a height of 90 cm above the surface (6410 Anemometer - Davis Instruments). The sea ice thickness at the time of deployment was between 120--130 cm with snow thickness between 12--20 cm. One buoy broke out at the start of October and the last signal transmitted by this buoy was on the 17th of November 2021. Data 2022: The second experiment started on the 25th of August 2022 with four OpenMetBuoys (OMBs) (Rabault et al., 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12030110) deployed on landfast sea ice. The OMBs were deployed along a transect roughly perpendicular to the fast sea ice edge. The sea ice thickness was measured during the deployment at 65--76 cm. Data transmission from three buoys was lost within two weeks of the deployment date. During a site revisit, the located buoys were found to have been covered by 30 cm of snow which was expected to be the cause of transmission loss. One of the buoys broke out starting on the 12th of October. Last transmission occurred on the 8th of January 2023, which is close to the expected depletion date of the battery. Data 2024: Instruments were deployed on landfast sea ice on the 3rd of October 2024, comprising of three OMBs, deployed along a transect perpendicular to the local fast sea ice edge. Sea ice and snow thickness was measured at the time of deployment and was 55 and 14 cm, respectively, for the two buoys closest to the fast sea ice edge, whereas the buoy closest to the coast was on sea ice and snow of thickness 92 and 30 cm, respectively. After one week, the buoy closest to the coast stopped transmitting due to unknown reasons. The sea ice surrounding the other two buoys started to breakup on the 19th of November leading to breakout of two buoys. The second buoy stopped transmitting on the 27th of November and was at that time only 9.6 km separated from the first buoy. The cause of failure is unknown, but it is noteworthy that also the first buoy stopped transmitting around the same time for two days before reconnecting. We therefore suspect snowfall to be the cause. The first buoy continued to drift westward and the last transmission was received on the 13th of January 2025.
Sea Ice Observations at Wilkes, 1963
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Observations of the sea ice cover at Wilkes base in Autumn-Winter 1963. Includes water temperature, air temperature, wind speed and direction, cloud cover, relative humidity, and general notes. These documents have been archived at the Australian Antarctic Division.
Wave-ice interactions collected on landfast ice near Casey Station, 2020
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This dataset contains ice motion observations made under the Australian Antarctic Program, projects 4593 and 4506. Data was obtained using two open-source ice motion loggers, hereafter ice buoys. Two ice buoys were deployed on landfast ice just north of the Swain Group, Antarctica (66.2 degr. S, 110.6 degr. E), on 13 October 2020. Instruments were retrieved on 10 November 2020. The ice buoys measure motion in 9-degrees-of-freedom at 10Hz using a VectorNAV VN-100 IMU, with an accuracy of O(mm) for short waves and O(cm) for long waves. Both instruments also record their geographical location through GPS. Full time series of their motion is processed on board and summaries are send through Iridium. Wave spectra and GPS coordinates were transmitted roughly every 4 hours. The dataset comprises the raw data measured by the two ice buoys, we have referred to them as AAD_17 and AAD_18 for administrative reasons. Data output for each buoy is: A = vertical acceleration (mean subtracted) (m/s^2); P = pitch (degrees); R = roll motion (degrees); z = surface elevation (m); t = UTC time (Matlab ‘datenum’ format, i.e., days since year 0000); lat = latitude; lon = longitude. The geographical coordinates ‘lat’ and ‘lon’ are in degrees.
Sea Ice Observations from the Nathaniel B Palmer
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These data describe pack ice characteristics in the Antarctic sea ice zone. These data are in the ASPeCt format. National program: United States Vessel: Nathaniel B. Palmer Dates in ice: 26 Dec 1999 - 06 Feb 2000 Observers: Steve Ackley, Jackie Ackley, others Summary of voyage track: 26/12 Ice edge at approx. 67S, 180 26/12 - 14/1 Complicated cruise track through the Ross Sea toward SE then NE to 128W 14/1 - 6/2 Back through pack ice toward the west 6/2 Obs completed at Cape Colbeck (157W) The fields in this dataset are: SEA ICE CONCENTRATION SEA ICE FLOE SIZE SEA ICE SNOW COVER SEA ICE THICKNESS SEA ICE TOPOGRAPHY SEA ICE TYPE RECORD DATE TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE OPEN WATER TRACK SNOW THICKNESS SNOW TYPE SEA TEMPERATURE AIR TEMPERATURE WIND VELOCITY WIND DIRECTION FILM COUNTER FRAME COUNTER FOR FILM VIDEO RECORDER COUNTER HH:MM:SS VISIBILITY CODE CLOUD IN OKTAS WEATHER CODE COMMENTS
Sea Ice Observations from the Nathaniel B Palmer 93-5
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These data describe pack ice characteristics in the Antarctic sea ice zone. These data are in the ASPeCt format. National program: United States Vessel: Nathaniel B. Palmer Dates in ice: 24 Aug 1993 - 24 Sep 1993 Observers: Martin Jeffries, Tony Worby, Kim Morris, Willy Weeks, Chris Fritsen, Ricardo Jana, Tim Qackenbush, Chua Teong Sek Summary of voyage track: 24/8 Ice edge at approx. 70S, 83W 24/8 - 24/9 Series of transects through the pack ice 24/9 Ice edge at approx 66S, 110W The fields for this dataset are: SEA ICE CONCENTRATION SEA ICE FLOE SIZE SEA ICE SNOW COVER SEA ICE THICKNESS SEA ICE TOPOGRAPHY SEA ICE TYPE RECORD DATE TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE OPEN WATER TRACK SNOW THICKNESS SNOW TYPE SEA TEMPERATURE AIR TEMPERATURE WIND VELOCITY WIND DIRECTION FILM COUNTER FRAME COUNTER FOR FILM VIDEO RECORDER COUNTER VISIBILITY CODE CLOUD WEATHER CODE COMMENTS
Sea Ice Observations from the Polarstern (ANT 11)
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These data describe pack ice characteristics in the Antarctic sea ice zone. These data are in the ASPeCt format. National program: Germany Vessel: Polarstern Dates in ice: 23 Jan 1994 - 02 Mar 1994 Observers: Unknown (Christian Haas and others ?) Summary of voyage track: 23/1 Vicinity of Adelaide Island 4-19/2 Transect (80W) into Ronne Entrance, around Bryan Coast, transect out to Peter Island (85-90W) 22-25/2 N-S transect at approx. 105W (eastern Amundsen Sea) 27/2 - 2/3 N-S transect at approx. 120W (central Amundsen Sea) The fields in this dataset are: SEA ICE CONCENTRATION SEA ICE FLOE SIZE SEA ICE SNOW COVER SEA ICE THICKNESS SEA ICE TOPOGRAPHY SEA ICE TYPE RECORD DATE TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE OPEN WATER TRACK SNOW THICKNESS SNOW TYPE SEA TEMPERATURE AIR TEMPERATURE WIND VELOCITY WIND DIRECTION FILM COUNTER FRAME COUNTER FOR FILM VIDEO RECORDER COUNTER VISIBILITY CODE CLOUD WEATHER CODE COMMENTS
Sea Ice Observations from the Nathaniel B Palmer 95-5b
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These data describe pack ice characteristics in the Antarctic sea ice zone. These data are in the ASPeCt format. National program: United States Vessel: Nathaniel B. Palmer Dates in ice: 27 Aug 1995 - 12 Sep 1995 Observers: Martin Jeffries, others Summary of voyage track: 27/8 Ice edge at approx. 67S, 110W 27-30/8 Transect south along 110W to approx. 70S 30/8 - 12/9 Zig zag transects eastward to ice edge at approx. 63S, 78W The fields for this dataset are: SEA ICE CONCENTRATION SEA ICE FLOE SIZE SEA ICE SNOW COVER SEA ICE THICKNESS SEA ICE TOPOGRAPHY SEA ICE TYPE RECORD DATE TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE OPEN WATER TRACK SNOW THICKNESS SNOW TYPE SEA TEMPERATURE AIR TEMPERATURE WIND VELOCITY WIND DIRECTION FILM COUNTER FRAME COUNTER FOR FILM VIDEO RECORDER COUNTER VISIBILITY CODE CLOUD WEATHER CODE COMMENTS
Sea Ice Observations from the Nathaniel B Palmer 94-5
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These data describe pack ice characteristics in the Antarctic sea ice zone. These data are in the ASPeCt format. National program: United States Vessel: Nathaniel B. Palmer Dates in ice: 18 Sep 1994 - 14 Oct 1994 Observers: Martin Jeffries, Kim Morris, Rob Massom, others Summary of voyage track: 18/9 Ice edge at approx. 65S, 108W 18/9 - 14/10 Zig zag track through the pack ice to the west 14/10 Ice edge at approx. 63S, 172W The fields in this dataset are: SEA ICE CONCENTRATION SEA ICE FLOE SIZE SEA ICE SNOW COVER SEA ICE THICKNESS SEA ICE TOPOGRAPHY SEA ICE TYPE RECORD DATE TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE OPEN WATER TRACK SNOW THICKNESS SNOW TYPE SEA TEMPERATURE AIR TEMPERATURE WIND VELOCITY WIND DIRECTION FILM COUNTER FRAME COUNTER FOR FILM VIDEO RECORDER COUNTER VISIBILITY CODE CLOUD WEATHER CODE COMMENTS
Sea Ice Observations from the Nathaniel B Palmer 98-3
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These data describe pack ice characteristics in the Antarctic sea ice zone. These data are in the ASPeCt format. National program: United States Vessel: Nathaniel B. Palmer Dates in ice: 07 May 1998 - 11 Jun 1998 Observers: Martin Jeffries, others Summary of voyage track: 7/5 Ice edge at approx. 67S, 180 7-22/5 South along 180 to Ross ice shelf at approx 78S 22-27/5 West into Terra Nova Bay 28/5 - 11/6 Zig zag track to NE through Ross Sea 11/6 Ice edge at approx. 66S, 175W The fields in this dataset are: SEA ICE CONCENTRATION SEA ICE FLOE SIZE SEA ICE SNOW COVER SEA ICE THICKNESS SEA ICE TOPOGRAPHY SEA ICE TYPE RECORD DATE TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE OPEN WATER TRACK SNOW THICKNESS SNOW TYPE SEA TEMPERATURE AIR TEMPERATURE WIND VELOCITY WIND DIRECTION FILM COUNTER FRAME COUNTER FOR FILM VIDEO RECORDER COUNTER VISIBILITY CODE CLOUD WEATHER CODE COMMENTS
Sea Ice Observations from the Polarstern (ANT 14)
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These data describe pack ice characteristics in the Antarctic sea ice zone. These data are in the ASPeCt format. National program: Germany Vessel: Polarstern Dates in ice: 14 Jan 1997 - 28 Feb 1997 Observers: Unknown (Christian Haas and others ?) Summary of voyage track: 14/1 Ice edge at 69'39S 13'14W 14-31/1 Eastern Weddell Sea to south-eastern Weddell Sea return 1-18/2 Eastern Weddell Sea to western Weddell Sea (Antarctic Peninsular at 60S) 19-28/2 Western Weddell Sea to south-eastern Weddell Sea The fields in this dataset are: SEA ICE CONCENTRATION SEA ICE FLOE SIZE SEA ICE SNOW COVER SEA ICE THICKNESS SEA ICE TOPOGRAPHY SEA ICE TYPE RECORD DATE TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE OPEN WATER TRACK SNOW THICKNESS SNOW TYPE SEA TEMPERATURE AIR TEMPERATURE WIND VELOCITY WIND DIRECTION FILM COUNTER FRAME COUNTER FOR FILM VIDEO RECORDER COUNTER VISIBILITY CODE CLOUD WEATHER CODE COMMENTS