Data acquisition: Samples were collected using a 1.5 metre diameter Ring net (150 micron metre mesh) with a wide cod-end on the base (volume approximately 40 Litres). Vertical trawls were to 20 m (unless otherwise specified). Deployment speed was determined by wave conditions with hauling speed at slowest possible speed available by the gantry (approximately than 2 meters per second). The net was rinsed with sea water before the cod-end was removed and the contents determined by observing a sub-sample under the light microscope. Appendicualrians were separated and preserved while the remaining contents of the cod-end were sieved through 120 micrometre mesh and preserved to be sorted more accurately on return to the laboratories. The appendicularians were quantified and sorted under light microscopes with additional randomly selected individuals being prepared for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging to enable identification to species level and some Oikopleura gaussica stomach's where dissected for SEM dietary analysis. Data processing: Data are being processed using 'statistica 6' (and possibly PRIMER or PATN) to determine correlations with physical parameters obtained from underway data, the CTD and the microbial biologist. Dataset Format: Database is an excel spreadsheet Parameters: Leg - identification number of southern bound legs Event number - deployment number Station - leg number . sample point number CTD - number of corresponding CTD (conductivity, Temperature Depth sample point) Date - date/month/year Time (UTC) Latitude Longitude NET (mesh (micro meters) type) - Net type and mesh size in micro meters (150) DEPTH (m) - vertical trawl depth APPENDICULARIANS - count of appendicularians from ship and laboratory based sorting Fritiliaria drygalski - count of Fritillaridae's from ship and laboratory based sorting Oiklopleura gaussica - count of Oikopleuridae's from ship and laboratory based sorting Alive - count of live appendicularians from ship based sorting SEM IMAGE - individual appendicularians and/or O. gaussica stomach SEM images have been taken SEM Stub number - stub number that is first two numbers of SEM images SAMPLE TYPE - BARCODE Zooplankton - cod-end contents sieved and preserved Appendicularians - sorted from cod-end Live - live appendicularians (now preserved) Other 1- samples that did not fit in to the above categories or additional samples for station Other 2- additional samples for station that did not fit in to the above categories This work was completed as part of ASAC projects 2655 and 2679 (ASAC_2655, ASAC_2679).

Publicly available bathymetry and geophysical data can be used to map geomorphic features of the Antarctic continental margin and adjoining ocean basins at scales of 1:1-5 million. These data can also be used to map likely locations for some Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems. Seamounts over a certain size are readily identified and submarine canyons and mid ocean ridge central valleys which harbour hydrothermal vents can be located. Geomorphic features and their properties can be related to major habitat characteristics such as sea floor type (hard versus soft), ice keel scouring, sediment deposition or erosion and current regimes. Where more detailed data are available, shelf geomorphology can be shown to provide a guide to the distribution in the area of the shelf benthic communities recognised by Gutt (2007). The geomorphic mapping method presented here provides a layer to add to benthic bioregionalistion using readily available data. An AADC maintained copy of these data are publicly available for download from the provided URL. The master copy of these data are attached to the metadata record held at Geoscience Australia (see the provided URL).

This indicator is no longer maintained, and is considered OBSOLETE. INDICATOR DEFINITION The northern limit of the pack ice as defined by the 15% concentration of sea ice determined by the SSM/I instrument or its replacement. TYPE OF INDICATOR There are three types of indicators used in this report: 1.Describes the CONDITION of important elements of a system; 2.Show the extent of the major PRESSURES exerted on a system; 3.Determine RESPONSES to either condition or changes in the condition of a system. This indicator is one of: CONDITION RATIONALE FOR INDICATOR SELECTION Climate is affected by complex interactions between the sea ice and the atmosphere and ocean. The sea ice extent and concentration is determined by the oceanic and atmospheric forcing. There is evidence of variations in the sea ice extent and concentration on a synoptic time scale as storms pass through the region, and variations in sea ice extent on a multi-year time frame with forcing caused by the Antarctic circumpolar wave. Over the past 20 years, there is limited evidence of an increase in spatial ice extent and in the length of time that ice is present. Continued monitoring of sea ice extent and concentration may provide insights into the dynamics of the Southern Ocean and help to predict future climate. DESIGN AND STRATEGY FOR INDICATOR MONITORING PROGRAM NASA uses a combination of satellite passive microwave sensors to measure the brightness values over sea ice covered regions. They then use an algorithm (referred to as the 'team' algorithm) to calculate the ice concentration and to determine the ice edge. The data are available globally on a daily or monthly basis. RESEARCH ISSUES Currently, NASA intends to maintain a series of satellite microwave sensors to continue to monitor sea ice extent and concentration. Ongoing research to interpret the data are currently being carried out at the AAD and the Antarctic and Southern Ocean CRC. Links with other indicators The sea ice extent and concentration has a large impact on the surface salinity and temperatures. Thus strong links with sea surface salinity and sea surface temperatures.

These layers are polar climatological and other summary environmental layers that may be useful for purposes such as general modelling, regionalisation, and exploratory analyses. All of the layers in this collection are provided on a consistent 0.1-degree grid, which covers -180 to 180E, 80S to 30S (Antarctic) and 45N to 90N (Arctic). As far as practicable, each layer is provided for both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Where possible, these have been derived from the same source data; otherwise, source data have been chosen to be as compatible as possible between the two regions. Some layers are provided for only one of the two regions. Each data layer is provided in netCDF and ArcInfo ASCII grid format. A png preview map of each is also provided. Processing details for each layer: Bathymetry File: bathymetry Measured and estimated seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Antarctic: Source data: Smith and Sandwell V13.1 (Sep 4, 2010) Processing steps: Depth data subsampled from original 1-minute resolution to 0.05-degree resolution and interpolated to 0.1-degree grid using bilinear interpolation. Reference: Smith, W. H. F., and D. T. Sandwell (1997) Global seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science 277:1957-1962. http://topex.ucsd.edu/WWW_html/mar_topo.html Arctic: Source data: ETOPO1 Processing steps: Depth data subsampled to 0.05-degree resolution and interpolated to 0.1-degree grid using bilinear interpolation on polar stereographic projection. Reference: Amante, C. and B. W. Eakins, ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24, 19 pp, March 2009. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html Bathymetry slope File: bathymetry_slope Slope of sea floor, derived from Smith and Sandwell V13.1 and ETOPO1 bathymetry data (above). Processing steps: Slope calculated on 0.1-degree gridded depth data (above). Calculated using the equation given by Burrough, P. A. and McDonell, R.A. (1998) Principles of Geographical Information Systems (Oxford University Press, New York), p. 190 (see http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=How%20Slope%20works) CAISOM model-derived variables Variables derived from the CAISOM ocean model. This model has been developed by Ben Galton-Fenzi (AAD and ACE-CRC), and is based on the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS). It has circum-Antarctic coverage out to 50S, with a spatial resolution of approximately 5km. The values here are averaged over 12 snapshots from the model, each separated by 2 months. These parameters should be treated as experimental. Reference: Galton-Fenzi BK, Hunter JR, Coleman R, Marsland SJ, Warner RC (2012) Modeling the basal melting and marine ice accretion of the Amery Ice Shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117, C09031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012jc008214 Floor current speed File: caisom_floor_current_speed Current speed near the sea floor. Floor temperature File: caisom_floor_temperature Potential temperature near the sea floor. Floor vertical velocity File: caisom_floor_vertical_velocity Vertical water velocity near the sea floor. Surface current speed File: caisom_surface_current_speed Near-surface current speed (at approximately 2.5m depth) Chlorophyll summer File: chl_summer_climatology Source data: Near-surface chl-a summer climatology from MODIS Aqua Antarctic: Climatology spans the 2002/03 to 2009/10 austral summer seasons. Data interpolated from original 9km resolution to 0.1-degree grid using bilinear interpolation. Arctic: Climatology spans the 2002 to 2009 boreal summer seasons. Data interpolated from original 9km resolution to 0.1-degree grid using bilinear interpolation. Reference: Feldman GC, McClain CR (2010) Ocean Color Web, MODIS Aqua Reprocessing, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Eds. Kuring, N., Bailey, S.W. https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Distance to Antarctica File:

The United States Department of Energy - Environmental Measurements Laboratory located in New York City has been monitoring the naturally occurring and man-made radionuclides for the past 40 years throughout the world. We have been using simple and very rugged air sampler which collect air from the surrounding environment. With this method and diverse location of sampling stations we have been able to detect with gamma counting method Beryllium 7, lead 210 as natural radionuclides and also some anthropogenic or man-made radionuclides such as Zirconium 95, Cesium 137, Cerium 144 which half-lives are fairly long. Come to visit us at: http://www.wipp.energy.gov/NAMP/EMLLegacy/index.htm and search for databases especially Surface Air Sampling Program. The Surface Air Sampling Program (SASP) database provides information on EML's archived air filter samples and sample measurements. The program was established in 1957 to track the global dispersion of radioactive debris resulting from atmospheric testing of nuclear bombs. Air filter samples were collected at locations throughout the world and analyzed for nuclear debris. In the 1980's, the program focused on the global distributions of the naturally occurring radionuclides, beryllium-7 and lead-210. The resulting database is the most comprehensive and extensive record of its kind in the world.

This data describe a set of sea-ice and seawater physical and biochemical parameters obtained from seawater samples and ice cores drilled from land fast sea ice in the vicinity of Davis Station, East Antarctica at six different dates (stations 1-6) during late Spring 2016. Stations 1: 16 Nov. 2016 Stations 2: 21 Nov. 2016 Stations 3: 23 Nov. 2016 Stations 4: 26 Nov. 2016 Stations 5: 29 Nov. 2016 Stations 6: 02 Dec. 2016 Parameters measured: - Temperature, salinity; - Iron: Dissolved (less than 0.2um), soluble (less than 0.02um) colloidal (between 0.02 and 0.2um) and Particulate fractions (greater than 0.2um); - Macronutrients: Nitrate (NO3), nitrite (NO2), silicate (Si), phosfate (PO4) and ammonium (NH4); - Chlorophyll-a (Chla); - Particulate Organic Matter: Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) and Particulate Organic Nitrogen (PON) SW0: seawater collected at the surface SW3: seawater collected at 3m depth SW10: seawater collected at 10m depth

Data were collected during the 1997-1998 austral summer on voyages by the Aurora Australis and Southern Surveyor. Taken from the abstract of the referenced paper: Oceanographic processes in the subantarctic region contribute crucially to the physical and biogeochemical aspects of the global climate system. To explore and quantify these contributions, the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) organised the SAZ Project, a multidisciplinary, multiship investigation carried out south of Australia in the austral summer of 1997-1998. Here we present a brief overview of the SAZ Project and some of its major results, as detailed in the 16 papers that follow in this special section. The Southern Ocean plays an important role in the global oceanic overturning circulation and its influence on the carbon dioxide contents of the atmosphere. Deep waters upwelled to the surface are rich in nutrients and carbon dioxide. Air-sea interaction modifies the upwelled deep waters to form bottom, intermediate, and mode waters, which transport freshwater, oxygen, and carbon dioxide into the ocean interior. The overall effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide is a balance between outgassing from upwelled deep waters and uptake via both dissolution in newly formed waters (sometimes referred to as the solubility pump) and the transport of photosynthetically formed organic carbon to depth in settling particles (referred to as the biological pump). Determining the variations in the overturning circulation and the associated carbon fluxes in the past and their response to increased anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide in the future is essential to a full understanding of the controls on global climate. At present the upwelled nutrients are incompletely used. Low light in deep wind-mixed surface layers, lack of the micronutrient iron, and other factors restrict phtyoplankton production so that Southern Ocean surface waters represent the largest high-nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC) region in the world.