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The McMillan Deposit - a stratabound lead-zinc-silver deposit in sedimentary rocks of Upper Proterozoic age, Yukon
The McMillan deposit is in the southern portion of the Logan Mountains, 65 km NE of Watson Lake. It is also referred to as the Quartz Lake deposit. Rocks hosting the deposit consist of argillite, sandstone, limestone and massive sulphides. Mineralization includes concordant and discordant types. Concordant mineralization mainly consists of beds of massive sulphides with sphalerite, galena and carbonate (siderite?) with minor sulphosalts. Discordant mineralization is widespread and consists of veins and veinlets that cut layering and cleavage. Quartz-siderite is the most common vein filling. Most stratabound deposits in Selwyn Basin are attributed to syngenetic origins. However, deposits similar in mineralogy and geologic setting to the McMillan deposit are thought to be of a replacement type origin. Two models are proposed for the origin of the McMillan deposit:: a) mineralization was hydrothermally introduced into a carbonate-rich post depositional sequence and selected limestone beds were replaced by sulphides and siderite, or b) the mineralization was hydrothermally introduced onto a seafloor and sulphides and siderite were precipitated as lateral facies equivalents of limestone.
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McMillan property, southeastern Yukon
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The McMillan deposit contains 1.1 million tonnes grading 8.3% Zn, 4.1% Pb and 62 g/t Ag in a manto-like replacement deposit in the Proterozoic/Lower Cambrian Hyland Group at the sheared contact between carbonate rocks and underlying shale. A smaller deposit to the south contains a further 0.4 million tonnes grading 9.3% Pb, 1.7% Zn and 214 g/t Ag. These deposits appear to lie in the footwall of a southward-dipping thrust fault which extends eastward toward the Hyland Gold property.
Geology and lithogeochemistry of the Fyre lake copper-cobalt-gold sulphide-magnetite deposit, southeastern Yukon
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The Fyre Lake sulphide-magnetite deposit is located in the Finlayson Lake massive sulphide district in the Yukon-Tanana terrane, southeastern Yukon. It is hosted by quartz-chlorite-actinolite schist derived from (probable) Devono-Mississippian-aged mafic volcanic rocks. Overlying the deposit are intercalated metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. This mixed sequence is, in turn, overlain by a thick sequence of graphitic phyllite. The deposit consists of three northwest-trending stratiform lenses comprising massive and semi-massive sulphide and magnetite iron formation. Pyrite is the dominant sulphide mineral in the deposit, with lesser amounts of pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and locally, sphalerite. The sulphide mineralization is copper and cobalt-rich and locally contains significant concentrations of zinc and gold. It has low to trace amounts of lead, barium, arsenic, antimony, tin and selenium. Lithogeochemical results indicate that the host mafic metavolcanic rocks are strongly depleted of light rare-earth elements (LREE) and high field strength elements (HFSE), and contain elevated levels of MgO, Ni and Cr. SiO2 in the host rocks ranges from 53 to 58%. Chemically, the mafic metavolcanic rocks are similar to boninitic rocks found in some suprasubduction zone ophiolites such as those at Cyprus. The primitive boninitic chemistry of the host metavolcanic rocks implies that they originated as melts from a depleted mantle in a rifted setting. The presence of felsic metasedimentary rocks below, within and overlying the host metavolcanic rocks suggests that the Fyre Lake deposit was formed in or near a mature tectonic setting, possibly a continental arc or an evolved island arc. The host mafic metavolcanic rocks are chemically distinct from other mafic and intermediate metavolcanic rocks that outcrop on the Fyre Lake property. A clastic metavolcanic rock unit lies stratigraphically below the deposit. It consists of fragmental LREE and HFSE-enriched transitional subalkaline basalts. Other discontinuous bodies of metavolcaniclastic and metaflow rocks occur stratigraphically above and peripheral to the Fyre Lake deposit. These are enriched in LREE and Th, and relatively depleted in Nb, Ta and Ti, and generally display the chemical features of transitional basalts and andesites erupted in a continental arc or evolved island arc setting.
Volcanic-associated massive sulphide (VMS) mineralization in the Yukon-Tanana Terrane and coeval strata of the North American miogeocline, in the Yukon and adjacent areas
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Discovery of the volcanic-associated massive sulphide (VMS) Kudz Ze Kayah (KZK) deposit in 1994, closelyfollowed by the discovery of the Wolverine VMS deposit, resulted in a period of intense exploration activity in Yukon. This led to the discovery of additional VMS mineralization that includes GP4F, Ice and significant new reserves at Fyre Lake. Numerous VMS prospects were identified. The Fyre Lake, KZK, GP4F, Wolverine, and Ice VMS deposits are hosted by the Yukon-Tanana Terrane (YTT) in the Finlayson Lake district of southeastern Yukon. The Fyre Lake deposit (8 200 000 tonnes of 2.1% Cu and 0.73 g/t Au) is stratigraphically lowest and occurs in mafic metavolcanic rocks of the Devonian to Mississippian Grass Lakes succession. The KZK and GP4F deposits (13 000 000 tonnes of 5.5% Zn, 1% Cu, 1.3% Pb, 125 g/t Ag and 1.2 g/t Au and 1 500 000 tonnes of 6.4% Zn, 3.1% Pb, 0.1% Cu, 89.7 g/t Ag and 2.0 g/t Au, respectively) are within the Devonian to Mississippian succession but lie stratigraphically above Fyre Lake in felsic metavolcanic rocks. The Wolverine deposit (6 237 000 tonnes of 12.66% Zn, 1.33% Cu, 1.55% Pb, 370.9 g/t Ag and 1.76 g/t Au) is hosted by Carboniferous rhyolitic metavolcanic rocks and carbonaceous argillite of the Wolverine succession. The Ice deposit (4 561 863 tonnes of 1.48% Cu ) occurs highest in the stratigraphy and is hosted within late Palaeozoic mafic metavolcanic and associated metasedimentary rocks of the Campbell Range succession. The YTT underlies a large part of Yukon, east-central Alaska and parts of British Columbia. VMS mineralization occurs within rocks of the YTT in the Dawson and Glenlyon areas of Yukon, in the Teslin-Rancheria area in Yukon and adjacent British Columbia, and in several areas within Alaska, as well as in the Finlayson Lake area of the Yukon. In the Dawson area, which lays adjacent to the massive-sulphide-rich Finlayson Lake district (before approximately 425 km of right lateral movement on the Tintina Fault), VMS prospects are hosted in Late Devonian to mid-Mississippian Nasina Assemblage and Permian Klondike Schist. In the Glenlyon area, massive sulphide mineralization and chert horizons occur within a belt of rocks that is at least 20 km long. In the Teslin-Rancheria area and adjacent northern British Columbia, several VMS prospects have been identified. The Alaskan VMS occurrences are in the Delta, Bonnifield and Trident Glacier districts. Exploration during this period was not confined to the YTT but extended into rocks of the North American miogeocline that are coeval, and possibly correlative, with Devono-Mississippian strata of the YTT. This led to the discovery of additional resources at the Marg and Wolf VMS deposits. The Marg deposit (5 527 002 tonnes of 1.76% Cu, 2.46% Pb, 4.60% Zn, 62.7 g/t Ag and 1.0 g/t Au) occurs in the Selwyn Basin within a Devonian to Mississippian sequence of carbonaceous siliceous phyllite, quartz-muscovite and quartz-chlorite phyllite and massive quartzite. These strata also host the Jane prospect. The Wolf deposit (4.1 million tonnes of 6.2% Zn, 1.8% Pb and 84 g/t Ag) occurs in the Pelly-Cassiar Platform within the Devono-Mississippian Pelly Mountains volcanic belt and is hosted by felsic metavolcanic and associated metasedimentary rocks. Numerous other VMS prospects, including MM, occur throughout the length of this 80-km-long volcanic belt. The newly defined VMS deposits are comparable in size to the average Canadian VMS deposit indicating the discoveries are significant. Mineralization in the YTT occurs in Late Devonian to Permian strata thus there are several prospective horizons and the potential for additional discoveries is significant.
The setting of the volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits in the Finlayson lake district
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The definition of regionally extensive stratigraphy in deformed and metamorphosed rocks of the Yukon-Tanana Terrane in the Finlayson Lake district allows the recognition of at least three mineralized horizons. They are:: a Lower horizon in chlorite schist of unit 2 close to the contact with overlying carbonaceous phyllite of unit 3; a Middle horizon in felsic meta-volcanic rocks of unit 3; and an Upper horizon in pillowed mafic volcanic rocks of the Campbell Range belt. The lower horizon hosts the Fyre Lake deposit. The Kudz Ze Kayah deposit and probably the deposits near Wolverine Lake are in the Middle horizon. The Upper horizon hosts the Money deposit.
High-sulphidation epithermal Au-Ag-Cu mineralization at the McKay Hill property — a revised deposit model
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The past-producing McKay Hill property on NTS map sheet 106D/6 (Nash Creek) has previously been described as polymetallic Ag-Pb-Zn ± Au-style mineralization. During the 2009 YMIP-funded exploration program the central claims on the property were mapped and numerous distinct differences from the proposed polymetallic model became apparent. Unlike Keno Hill, veins on the McKay Hill property lack siderite gangue and are not present as vein-faults. Propylitic alteration halos surrounding vertically zoned ore shoots (high-level Au-Cu and deeper level Ag-Cu-Pb) were observed within consistently north-northwest-striking, near vertical, siliciclastic and hypabyssal-volcanic rocks. The Ag-Pb-Zn veins in the Keno Hill Camp were emplaced in discrete dilational fault structures within polydeformed clastic metasediments and are not associated with extensive alteration. Host rock competency in both areas is vital in controlling mineralization. Re-evaluating the regional framework could potentially illustrate the area’s metallogenic potential for different types of mineral occurrences.
Ravensthorpe manganese deposits
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The Copper Mine Creek deposit is the only manganese deposit worthy of attention in the Ravensthorpe area. It is a bedded deposit enriched by supergene water, and has an estimated tonnage of 6,000 tons per vertical foot. The ore is in a number of beds interspersed with an approximate equal footage of decomposed schist. Two shafts indicate ore down to 40 feet, and it is thought that it may continue well below that level.
Geology of the Main Zone at Mt. Skukum, Wheaton River area, southern Yukon
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Gold mineralization at the Mt. Skukum deposit occurs in nearly vertical quartz-carbonate veins which crosscut flat-lying andesites with a NNE trend. The mineralized veins represent the second stage of a two stage hydrothermal system, the first of which resulted in emplacement of thin chalcedonic veinlets. These two stages of veins are probably indicative of an evolving hydrothermal fluid rather than being representative of two separate events. Vein emplacement is one of the latest of a series of events which began with volcanism, producing felsic and andesitic volcanic rocks which overlie basement in this area. Subsequent periods of tectonism produced large faults along which rhyolitic dykes were emplaced. Continued tectonism resulted in reactivation of old faults along which andesitic and dacitic dykes were injected, crosscutting rhyolite dykes in many cases. As volcanic activity waned, the faults remained active, leaving zones of high permeability which acted as conduits for the still active hydrothermal circulation. Veins appear to have been emplaced at low temperature in a circulating hydrothermal system driven by a heat source at depth associated with dykes present in the area. Circulating hydrothermal fluids may have leached gold from the surrounding andesitic volcanics during propylitization. Permeability may have been controlled by faulting, brecciated flow tops and bottoms, and lapilli tuff horizons. Gold was precipitated in highly permeable conduits, such as the Main Fault Zone and breccia bodies.
Volcanic-hosted epithermal gold-sulphide mineralization and associated enrichment processes, Sixtymile River area, Yukon Territory, Canada
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The upper Sixtymile River area is located approximately 128 km west of Dawson City, Yukon. Lithology in this area consists of Precambrian to Paleozoic metamorphic rocks, Paleozoic ultramafic rocks, Middle Jurassic pegmatitic and aplitic dikes, Upper Cretaceous porphyritic dikes and volcanic rocks with intercalated sedimentary rocks, Quaternary alkaline basaltic dikes and Quaternary alluvial sediments. Precious metal occurrences in these volcanic rocks are divided into two types, based on differences in local distribution, petrology and wall rock alteration: a gold-bearing pyrite-arsenopyrite type and a silver-bearing galena-sphalerite type. Both types are characterized by four stages of mineralization.
Stratabound Barite and Lead-Zinc Deposits in Eastern Selwyn Basin, Yukon
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The Macmillan Pass area, in east-central Yukon Territory, contains what promises to be some of the most valuable mineral deposits yet discovered in the Territory. In addition to the TOM and JASON stratiform lead-zinc-silver-barite deposits, the area contains one of North America's largest tungsten deposits (Mactung deposit) as well as a relatively large tonnage stratiform barite deposit (TEA deposit) presently being exploited for use as oil well drilling mud. This report specifically deals with the TOM and JASON deposits, based on field investigations carried out by the writer during July and August. This report is accompanied by a 1:111 111-scale bedrock geology map of the TOM and JASON claims, Macmillan Pass area, east-central Yukon Territory (NTS 105 O/1 east half).