The goal of this study was to assess whether low shear-modeled microgravity (LSMMG) effects yeast ,genomic expression patterns using the powerful tool of whole genome microarray hybridization. We determined ,changes in the yeast model organism Saccharomyces cerevisisae when grown in LSMMG using the rotating High ,Aspect Ratio Vessel (HARV). A significant number of genes were up- or down-regulated by at least two fold in cells ,that were grown for 5 generations or 25 generations in HARVs. We identified genes in cell wall integrity signaling ,pathways containing MAP kinase cascades that may provide clues to novel physiological responses of eukaryotic ,cells to the external stress of a low-shear modeled microgravity environment. A comparison of the microgravity ,response to other environmental stress response (ESR) genes showed that 26% of the genes that respond ,significantly to LSMMG are involved in a general environmental stress response while 74% of the genes may ,represent a unique transcriptional response to microgravity. In addition we found changes in genes involved in ,budding cell polarity establishment and cell separation that confirm our hypothesis that exposure to LSMMG ,causes changes in gene transcription resulting in a phenotypic response. The results of the study provide interesting ,clues to potential mechanisms involved in the response to adaptation to and survival of eukaryotic cells in a ,microgravity environment and our findings may have important health implications for human spaceflight. Experiment Overall Design: Four conditions are compared with three replicates each: yeast grown in low-shear modeled microgravity (HARV bioreactor) for 5 and 25 generations; yeast grown in a horizontal (non-LSMMG) HARV bioreactor for 5 and 25 generations.

The goal of this study was to assess whether low shear-modeled microgravity (LSMMG) effects yeast ,genomic expression patterns using the powerful tool of whole genome microarray hybridization. We determined ,changes in the yeast model organism Saccharomyces cerevisisae when grown in LSMMG using the rotating High ,Aspect Ratio Vessel (HARV). A significant number of genes were up- or down-regulated by at least two fold in cells ,that were grown for 5 generations or 25 generations in HARVs. We identified genes in cell wall integrity signaling ,pathways containing MAP kinase cascades that may provide clues to novel physiological responses of eukaryotic ,cells to the external stress of a low-shear modeled microgravity environment. A comparison of the microgravity ,response to other environmental stress response (ESR) genes showed that 26% of the genes that respond ,significantly to LSMMG are involved in a general environmental stress response while 74% of the genes may ,represent a unique transcriptional response to microgravity. In addition we found changes in genes involved in ,budding cell polarity establishment and cell separation that confirm our hypothesis that exposure to LSMMG ,causes changes in gene transcription resulting in a phenotypic response. The results of the study provide interesting ,clues to potential mechanisms involved in the response to adaptation to and survival of eukaryotic cells in a ,microgravity environment and our findings may have important health implications for human spaceflight. Experiment Overall Design: Four conditions are compared with three replicates each: yeast grown in low-shear modeled microgravity (HARV bioreactor) for 5 and 25 generations; yeast grown in a horizontal (non-LSMMG) HARV bioreactor for 5 and 25 generations.

Entire microRNA expression were analyzed using the Filgen Array miRNA Caenorhabditis elegans 232 probes (Filgen). In the microRNA expression analysis we compared the expression data between two groups: micro-gravity samples (4 d and 8 d) and controls (4 d and 8 d ground control and 1 G centrifuge onboard ISS).

Entire microRNA expression were analyzed using the Filgen Array miRNA Caenorhabditis elegans 232 probes (Filgen). In the microRNA expression analysis we compared the expression data between two groups: micro-gravity samples (4 d and 8 d) and controls (4 d and 8 d ground control and 1 G centrifuge onboard ISS).

This study demonstrates simulated microgravity effects on E. coli K 12 MG1655 when grown on LB medium supplemented with glycerol. The results imply that E. coli readily reprograms itself to combat the multiple stresses imposed due to microgravity. Under these conditions it survives by upregulating oxidative stress protecting genes and simultaneously down regulating the membrane transporters and synthases to maintain cell homeostasis. In this study a clinostat that mimics microgravity conditions was used to investigate the effects of microgravity on E. coli grown in LB medium supplemented with glycerol to monitor the effects on growth and global gene expression using Affymetrix DNA microarrays.

This study demonstrates simulated microgravity effects on E. coli K 12 MG1655 when grown on LB medium supplemented with glycerol. The results imply that E. coli readily reprograms itself to combat the multiple stresses imposed due to microgravity. Under these conditions it survives by upregulating oxidative stress protecting genes and simultaneously down regulating the membrane transporters and synthases to maintain cell homeostasis. In this study a clinostat that mimics microgravity conditions was used to investigate the effects of microgravity on E. coli grown in LB medium supplemented with glycerol to monitor the effects on growth and global gene expression using Affymetrix DNA microarrays.

The aim of this work is to determine whether mycobacteria have enhanced virulence during space travel and what mechanisms they use to adapt to microgravity. M. marinum and LHM4 were grown in high aspect ratio vessels (HARV) in a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) under normal gravity (NG) or low shear simulated microgravity (MG). To determine the effect of MG on the stress responses activated by the growth conditions we used RNAseq to examine what genes were expressed. For RNAseq the bacteria are harvested RNA isolated and converted DNA (cDNA) and the cDNA sequenced. Using bioinformatics the amount of expression of the different M. marinum genes were compared between the NG and MG samples. To make sure that we were examining only gene expression changes due to MG only bacteria in early exponential growth were used in the RNAseq studies. Triplicate NG and MG cultures were used to generate samples of bacteria grown for ~40 hrs. We also grew triplicate cultures for 4 days and then diluted them again and grew them for another ~40 hrs so we could examine gene expression from bacteria exposed for a longer time. In summary this study determined that waterborne mycobacteria alter their growth expression of stress responses and their sensitivity to oxidizing conditions when subjected to growth under MG.

Microgravity effect on C. elegans gene expression was analysed by whole genome microarray. The worms were cultivated under microgravity for 8 days in the Japanese Module of the International Space Station. The samples of this study were divided three experimental groups: 1. microgravity for 8 days 2. artificial 1G control for 8 days on orbit 3. ground 1G control for 8 days This study was repeated with three biological and two technical replicates.

Microgravity effect on C. elegans gene expression was analysed by whole genome microarray. The worms were cultivated under microgravity for 8 days in the Japanese Module of the International Space Station. The samples of this study were divided three experimental groups: 1. microgravity for 8 days 2. artificial 1G control for 8 days on orbit 3. ground 1G control for 8 days This study was repeated with three biological and two technical replicates.

We used microarrays to investigate the effects of microgravity and space radiation on the genome-wide expression of the C. elegans. Three technical replicates of wild type C. elegans (CC1 strain) which exposed to space radiation are analyzed along with ground control.