This dataset contains the underlying data for the evaluation of a 5 year CMAQ simulation with and without fires. The pollutant evaluated in the journal article is PM2.5. Daily Average concentrations of PM2.5 from two 5 year CMAQ simulations are included. Area burned on a daily basis is also included. Finally model and observed paired CSV files of PM2.5 are included for the 5 year simulation from the IMPROVE and CSN networks. Datasets are in several formats including netCDF (tar and zipped), csv (tar and zipped), and Excel. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Wilkins, J., G. Pouliot, K. Foley, W. Appel, and T. Pierce. The impact of US wildland fires on ozone and particulate matter: a comparison of measurements and CMAQ model predictions from 2008 to 2012. International Journal of Wildland Fire. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood Victoria, AUSTRALIA, 27(10): 684-698, (2018).

Two specific fires from 2011 are tracked for local to regional scale contribution to ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) using a freely available regulatory modeling system that includes the BlueSky wildland fire emissions tool, Spare Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) model, Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) meteorological model, and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) photochemical grid model. The modeling system was applied to track the contribution from a wildfire (Wallow) and prescribed fire (Flint Hills) using both source sensitivity and source apportionment approaches. The model estimated fire contribution to primary and secondary pollutants are comparable using source sensitivity (brute-force zero out) and source apportionment (Integrated Source Apportionment Method) approaches. Model estimated O3 enhancement relative to CO is similar to values reported in literature indicating the modeling system captures the range of O3 inhibition possible near fires and O3 production both near the fire and downwind. O3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are formed in the fire plume and transported downwind along with highly reactive VOC species such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde that are both emitted by the fire and rapidly produced in the fire plume by VOC oxidation reactions. PAN and aldehydes contribute to continued downwind O3 production. The transport and thermal decomposition of PAN to nitrogen oxides (NOX) enables O3 production in areas limited by NOX availability and the photolysis of aldehydes to produce free radicals (HOX) causes increased O3 production in NOX rich areas. The modeling system tends to overestimate hourly surface O3 at routine rural monitors in close proximity to the fires when the model predicts elevated fire impacts on O3 and Hazard Mapping System (HMS) data indicates possible fire impact. A sensitivity simulation in which solar radiation and photolysis rates were more aggressively attenuated by aerosol in the plume reduced model O3 but does not eliminate this bias. A comparison of model predicted daily average speciated PM2.5 at surface rural routine network sites when the model predicts fire impacts from either of these fires shows a tendency toward overestimation of PM2.5 organic aerosol in close proximity to these fires. The standard version of the CMAQ treats primarily emitted organic aerosol as non-volatile. An alternative approach for treating organic aerosol as semi-volatile resulted in lower PM2.5 organic aerosol from these fires but does not eliminate the bias. Future work should focus on modeling specific fire events that are well characterized in terms of size, emissions, and have extensive measurements taken near the fire and downwind to better constrain model representation of important physical and chemical processes (e.g. aerosol photolysis attenuation and organic aerosol treatment) related to wild and prescribed fires. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Baker, K., M. Woody, G. Tonnesen, B. Hutzell, H. Pye, M. Beaver, G. Pouliot, and T. Pierce. Contribution of regional-scale fire events to ozone and PM2.5 air quality estimated by photochemical modeling approaches. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 140: 539–554, (2016).

Two specific fires from 2011 are tracked for local to regional scale contribution to ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) using a freely available regulatory modeling system that includes the BlueSky wildland fire emissions tool, Spare Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) model, Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) meteorological model, and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) photochemical grid model. The modeling system was applied to track the contribution from a wildfire (Wallow) and prescribed fire (Flint Hills) using both source sensitivity and source apportionment approaches. The model estimated fire contribution to primary and secondary pollutants are comparable using source sensitivity (brute-force zero out) and source apportionment (Integrated Source Apportionment Method) approaches. Model estimated O3 enhancement relative to CO is similar to values reported in literature indicating the modeling system captures the range of O3 inhibition possible near fires and O3 production both near the fire and downwind. O3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are formed in the fire plume and transported downwind along with highly reactive VOC species such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde that are both emitted by the fire and rapidly produced in the fire plume by VOC oxidation reactions. PAN and aldehydes contribute to continued downwind O3 production. The transport and thermal decomposition of PAN to nitrogen oxides (NOX) enables O3 production in areas limited by NOX availability and the photolysis of aldehydes to produce free radicals (HOX) causes increased O3 production in NOX rich areas. The modeling system tends to overestimate hourly surface O3 at routine rural monitors in close proximity to the fires when the model predicts elevated fire impacts on O3 and Hazard Mapping System (HMS) data indicates possible fire impact. A sensitivity simulation in which solar radiation and photolysis rates were more aggressively attenuated by aerosol in the plume reduced model O3 but does not eliminate this bias. A comparison of model predicted daily average speciated PM2.5 at surface rural routine network sites when the model predicts fire impacts from either of these fires shows a tendency toward overestimation of PM2.5 organic aerosol in close proximity to these fires. The standard version of the CMAQ treats primarily emitted organic aerosol as non-volatile. An alternative approach for treating organic aerosol as semi-volatile resulted in lower PM2.5 organic aerosol from these fires but does not eliminate the bias. Future work should focus on modeling specific fire events that are well characterized in terms of size, emissions, and have extensive measurements taken near the fire and downwind to better constrain model representation of important physical and chemical processes (e.g. aerosol photolysis attenuation and organic aerosol treatment) related to wild and prescribed fires. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Baker, K., M. Woody, G. Tonnesen, B. Hutzell, H. Pye, M. Beaver, G. Pouliot, and T. Pierce. Contribution of regional-scale fire events to ozone and PM2.5 air quality estimated by photochemical modeling approaches. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 140: 539–554, (2016).

Data during wildfire seasons (May 1 - October 31) over the years 2008 - 2012 in the contiguous U.S. used for spatial causal analysis of wildland fire-contributed PM2.5. The two sources of PM2.5 data are monitor data from the EPA’s Air Quality System (AQS) and simulated PM2.5 from the CMAQ model. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Larsen, A., S. Yang, B. Reich, and A. Rappold. A spatial causal analysis of wildland fire-contributed PM2:5 using numerical model output. Annals of Applied Statistics. Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Beachwood, OH, USA, 16(4): 2714-2731, (2022).

Data during wildfire seasons (May 1 - October 31) over the years 2008 - 2012 in the contiguous U.S. used for spatial causal analysis of wildland fire-contributed PM2.5. The two sources of PM2.5 data are monitor data from the EPA’s Air Quality System (AQS) and simulated PM2.5 from the CMAQ model. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Larsen, A., S. Yang, B. Reich, and A. Rappold. A spatial causal analysis of wildland fire-contributed PM2:5 using numerical model output. Annals of Applied Statistics. Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Beachwood, OH, USA, 16(4): 2714-2731, (2022).

2023 CMAQ Simulation output for select sites in the Northeast US - CMAQ simulations performed by Havala Pye ORD/CEMM/AESMD - simulation labels: cmaq55plus (base) and cmaq55plus_nofire (wildfire, agricultural fire, and prescribed fire emissions in US and outside US set to zero) - Description: CMAQv5.5+ public version downloaded 2/13/2025. (SHA: 783dc11668a83b9ec243c2cf7d20471ecd34dfae). Last Merge on 5.5 plus: Jan 31. Chemical mechanism: CRACMM2. Dry deposition: STAGE with Emerson et al. 2020 aerosol parameters. Vertical diffusion: acm. Windblown dust emissions: on. Sea spray emissions: on. Lightning NOx: on. Land surface model: PX. Bidirectional ammonia exchange: on. Fertilizer NH3 emissions: computed in-line. HONO production on ground surfaces: on. Gravitational settling of aerosols: on. Scale free trop O3 to potential vorticity: off. Biogenic emissions: BEIS in-line. Aerosol optics: approx of Mie Theory for internally homogeneous particle. WRF v4.6.0. BCON: GEOSCF mapped to cracmm2. Solver: EBI. Compiler: Intel 23.2. OMI file set to use 2019 data. Entire month of December 2022 (using representative days) discarded as spinup. HAP emissions are from explicit emission factors rather than VOC speciation. Species definitions file for post processing concentrations updated 2/27/2025. Simulations and post-processing performed by Havala Pye. - Original file locations: /work/MOD3DEV/has/2023cracmm_ages/runs/ Files were created by the write site program distributed with CMAQ (https://github.com/USEPA/CMAQ/blob/main/POST/writesite/README.md). Species included are defined in terms of raw models species in SpecDef_Conc_cracmm2_v2.txt. The description of raw model species is at https://github.com/USEPA/CRACMM/blob/main/metadata/cracmm2/cracmm2_metadata.csv. Log files for the write site program are included as writesite*.txt. A jupyter notebook in ipynb and html format shows some of the data. Please cite the following for CMAQ with CRACMM2: Skipper, T. N., D'Ambro, E. L., Wiser, F. C., McNeill, V. F., Schwantes, R. H., Henderson, B. H., Piletic, I. R., Baublitz, C. B., Bash, J. O., Whitehill, A. R., Valin, L. C., Mouat, A. P., Kaiser, J., Wolfe, G. M., St. Clair, J. M., Hanisco, T. F., Fried, A., Place, B. K., and Pye, H. O. T.: Role of chemical production and depositional losses on formaldehyde in the Community Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Multiphase Mechanism (CRACMM), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12903–12924, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12903-2024, 2024. DISCLAIMER: This data product has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for public release. At the time of release, the data had not yet been published in peer-reviewed literature. The data is provided for research and the user should verify the data is suitable for their intended use.

Data files for Koplitz et al., "The contribution of wildland emissions to deposition in the U.S.: implications for tree growth and survival in the Northwest", Environmental Research Letters, in press, 2021, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abd26e. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Koplitz, S., C. Nolte, R. Sabo, C. Clark, K. Horn, R.Q. Thomas, and T. Newcomer-Johnson. The contribution of wildland fire emissions to deposition in the U S: implications for tree growth and survival in the Northwest. Environmental Research Letters. IOP Publishing LIMITED, Bristol, UK, 16(2): 024028, (2021).

Data files for Koplitz et al., "The contribution of wildland emissions to deposition in the U.S.: implications for tree growth and survival in the Northwest", Environmental Research Letters, in press, 2021, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abd26e. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Koplitz, S., C. Nolte, R. Sabo, C. Clark, K. Horn, R.Q. Thomas, and T. Newcomer-Johnson. The contribution of wildland fire emissions to deposition in the U S: implications for tree growth and survival in the Northwest. Environmental Research Letters. IOP Publishing LIMITED, Bristol, UK, 16(2): 024028, (2021).

High time resolution (10 s) chamber study burn emission measurements and commercial laboratory fuel analysis reports. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Urbanski, S., R. Long, H. Halliday, A. Habel, E. Lincoln, and M. Landis. Fuel layer specific pollutant emission factors for fire prone forest ecosystems of the western U.S. and Canada. Atmospheric Environment: X. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS, 0000, (2022).

Data files used in manuscript - "Influence of burned area uncertainties on modeled wildland fire PM2.5 and ozone pollution in the contiguous U.S.". This dataset is associated with the following publication: Koplitz, S., C. Nolte, G. Pouliot, J. Vukovich, and J. Beidler. Influence of uncertainties in burned area estimates on modeled wildland fire PM2.5 and ozone pollution in the contiguous U.S.. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 191: 328-339, (2018).