Kilauea volcano (Hawaii, USA) is a shield volcano that exhibits both effusive and explosive eruptive activity. Although Kilauea has been predominantly built through effusive eruptions, explosive eruptions have occurred repeatedly at both Kilauea's summit and in the volcano's lower East Rift Zone (Moore, 1992; Swanson et al., 2014). This dataset presents geochemical analyses of samples from Kapoho Crater and Puulena Crater, which formed during powerful explosive eruptions in Kilauea's lower East Rift Zone. The eruption ages of Kapoho Crater and Puulena Crater are estimated to be ~1400-1700 CE and 1250-1600 CE, respectively, based on correlations with dated regional lava flows (Moore and Trusdell, 1991). The samples in this dataset are from the Kapoho Crater tuff cone, a younger scoria-forming eruption within Kapoho Crater, bulk tephra and ejected bombs from Puulena Crater, and lava flows exposed in the walls of Puulena Crater. All samples were analyzed to determine whole-rock compositions. Samples from the Kapoho Crater tuff cone and the younger scoria deposits within Kapoho Crater were additionally analyzed for mineral, matrix glass, and melt inclusion geochemistry. Whole rock analyses were done by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) at Hamilton Laboratory, New York. Minerals and quenched glasses (matrix glass and melt inclusions) were analyzed by electron microprobe (EPMA) at the University of Oregon to determine major element compositions (including sulfur and chlorine). A subset of matrix glasses and melt inclusions were also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, Washington, to determine H2O and CO2 concentrations to understand volatile behavior and make barometric estimates. Samples of Puulena Crater ash and Kapoho Crater tuff cone were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at the USGS California Volcano Observatory to further identify magmatic minerals and alteration phases. This data release contains individual files for the whole-rock analyses, the glass analyses, and the mineral analyses, as well as analyzed standards for the EPMA calibration. Detailed descriptions of the analytical methodologies used are included as a document within this data release. See Hazlett et al. (2024) for a discussion of these data, including geochemical context and figures. REFERENCES: Hazlett, R.W., Schmith, J., Lerner, A.H., Downs, D.T., Fitch, E.P., Parcheta, C.E., Gansecki, C.A., Spaulding, S., 2024, Origins and Nature of Large Explosive Eruptions in the Lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Insights from Ash Characterization and Geochemistry. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 452, 108114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2024.108114 Moore, R.B., 1992, Volcanic geology and eruption frequency, lower east rift zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology 54, 475-483. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301393 Moore, R.B., Trusdell, F. A., 1991, Geologic map of the lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2225, 1: 24,000 Swanson, D.A., Rose, T.R., Mucek, A.E., Garcia, M.O., Fiske, R.S., Mastin, L.G., 2014, Cycles of explosive and effusive eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Geology, 42, 631-634, https://doi.org/10.1130/G35701.1

This dataset includes wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) major-oxide and trace-element whole-rock analyses, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) trace-element whole-rock analyses, and glass analyses by electron microprobe of scoria and lava samples from the Kamakaiʻa Hills of the Southwest Rift Zone of Kīlauea volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi. Whole-rock chemical analyses were performed at the Hamilton Analytical Laboratory at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, USA, whereas glass chemical analyses were performed at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California, USA.

This dataset includes wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) major-oxide and trace-element whole-rock analyses, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) trace-element whole-rock analyses, and glass analyses by electron microprobe of scoria and lava samples from the Kamakaiʻa Hills of the Southwest Rift Zone of Kīlauea volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi. Whole-rock chemical analyses were performed at the Hamilton Analytical Laboratory at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, USA, whereas glass chemical analyses were performed at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California, USA.

This dataset includes radiocarbon ages, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) major-oxide and trace-element whole-rock analyses, and glass, olivine, and pyroxene analyses by electron microprobe (EPMA) of spatter and lava samples from the summit and Southwest Rift Zone of Kīlauea volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi. All of the radiocarbon ages were analyzed by DirectAMS in Bothell, Washington, USA and are from the 1823 CE lava flow in the Southwest Rift Zone (using the methods of Tate and others, 2023). Whole-rock chemical analyses were performed at both the Hamilton Analytical Laboratory at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, USA and Washington State University GeoAnalytical Lab in Pullman, Washington, USA (using the methods of Johnson and others, 1999). Glass chemical analyses were performed at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California, USA and the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Mānoa, Hawaii, USA. All olivine and pyroxene chemical analyses were performed at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Mānoa, Hawaii, USA (using the methods of Donovan and Tingle, 1996). This data set was collected and used for the interpretations in Tonato and others (2025). Donovan, J.J., and Tingle, T.N., 1996, An improved mean atomic number background correction for quantitative microanalysis: Microscopy and Microanalysis, v. 2, p. 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927696210013. Johnson, D.M., Hooper, P.R., and Conrey, R.M., 1999, XRF analysis of rocks and minerals for major and trace elements on a single low dilution Li-tetraborate fused bead: JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data, p. 843–867. Tate, A.M.,Heile, J., Giacomo, J., and Zoppi, U., 2023, Status report: A decade of traditional radiocarbon dating applications by DirectAMS: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Sections B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, v. 537, p. 23–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2023.01.013. Tonato, A., Shea, T., Downs, D.T., and Kelfoun, K., 2025, Rapid emplacement of the 1823 CE Keaīwa lava flow from the Great Crack in the Southwest Rift Zone of Kīlauea volcano: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research.

This data release contains geochemical data for volcanic tephra from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, sampled between March 19 and April 16, 2008.

This data release contains geochemical data for volcanic tephra from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, sampled between March 19 and April 16, 2008.

This dataset consists of one table containing whole-rock geochemistry data for 753 igneous and metamorphic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana upland of eastern interior Alaska, collected between 2013 and 2019. All materials were analyzed by ALS Global, between 2014 and 2020, by a range of different techniques, so multiple unique entries for a given element relate to different analytical methods or preparations, as detailed in accompanying metadata.

This data set consists of one table containing whole-rock geochemistry data for 753 igneous and metamorphic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana upland of eastern interior Alaska, collected between 2013 and 2019. All materials were analyzed by ALS Global, between 2014 and 2020, by a range of different techniques, so multiple unique entries for a given element relate to different analytical methods or preparations, as detailed in accompanying metadata.