This dataset includes wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) major-oxide and trace-element whole-rock analyses, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) trace-element whole-rock analyses, and glass analyses by electron microprobe of scoria and lava samples from the Kamakaiʻa Hills of the Southwest Rift Zone of Kīlauea volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi. Whole-rock chemical analyses were performed at the Hamilton Analytical Laboratory at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, USA, whereas glass chemical analyses were performed at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California, USA.

Olivine and glass major and minor element chemistry for select eruptions of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii as measured by electron microprobe, with secondary standard analyses.

Olivine and glass major and minor element chemistry for select eruptions of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii as measured by electron microprobe, with secondary standard analyses.

This data release contains selected results of whole-rock and glass analyses of lava samples collected during the 2018 eruption of Kilauea’s lower East Rift Zone (LERZ). Included are sampling-site information, eruptive vent/fissure, and sampling descriptions. During the 2018 LERZ eruption, the chemical analysis of lava samples was performed within hours of collection using an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) pressed-pellet methodology. The accuracy of this method was evaluated by analyzing a subset of samples using the more widely accepted wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) fused-bead methodology. WD-XRF analyses were performed both during and after the eruption at the Hamilton Analytical Lab, Hamilton College, New York. Results from both ED-XRF and WD-XRF, as well as summary statistics on reference-material runs, are presented here for selected major and trace-element data. The glass component of lava samples was analyzed separately using Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA). The results of EPMA analysis of samples, as well as summary statistics on EPMA glass-reference-material runs are presented for selected major and trace-element data. Also included in this release are the analytical results from whole-rock and glass samples which are representative of magmatic end members, or eruptive vent sites, on Kilauea volcano. This includes, a spatter sample collected from the “last gasp” of the Puu Oo eruption during the collapse of that vent on May 1, 2018 preceding the LERZ eruption, select samples from the Puu Oo vent preceeding the eruption, samples from the Overlook vent at Halemaʻumaʻu at the summit of Kilauea, and finally a dacite-lava sample collected from a drilling well in the LERZ which may represent a mixing end-member of the LERZ 2018 eruption.

This data release contains selected results of whole-rock and glass analyses of lava samples collected during the 2018 eruption of Kilauea’s lower East Rift Zone (LERZ). Included are sampling-site information, eruptive vent/fissure, and sampling descriptions. During the 2018 LERZ eruption, the chemical analysis of lava samples was performed within hours of collection using an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) pressed-pellet methodology. The accuracy of this method was evaluated by analyzing a subset of samples using the more widely accepted wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) fused-bead methodology. WD-XRF analyses were performed both during and after the eruption at the Hamilton Analytical Lab, Hamilton College, New York. Results from both ED-XRF and WD-XRF, as well as summary statistics on reference-material runs, are presented here for selected major and trace-element data. The glass component of lava samples was analyzed separately using Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA). The results of EPMA analysis of samples, as well as summary statistics on EPMA glass-reference-material runs are presented for selected major and trace-element data. Also included in this release are the analytical results from whole-rock and glass samples which are representative of magmatic end members, or eruptive vent sites, on Kilauea volcano. This includes, a spatter sample collected from the “last gasp” of the Puu Oo eruption during the collapse of that vent on May 1, 2018 preceding the LERZ eruption, select samples from the Puu Oo vent preceeding the eruption, samples from the Overlook vent at Halemaʻumaʻu at the summit of Kilauea, and finally a dacite-lava sample collected from a drilling well in the LERZ which may represent a mixing end-member of the LERZ 2018 eruption.

Kilauea volcano (Hawaii, USA) is a shield volcano that exhibits both effusive and explosive eruptive activity. Although Kilauea has been predominantly built through effusive eruptions, explosive eruptions have occurred repeatedly at both Kilauea's summit and in the volcano's lower East Rift Zone (Moore, 1992; Swanson et al., 2014). This dataset presents geochemical analyses of samples from Kapoho Crater and Puulena Crater, which formed during powerful explosive eruptions in Kilauea's lower East Rift Zone. The eruption ages of Kapoho Crater and Puulena Crater are estimated to be ~1400-1700 CE and 1250-1600 CE, respectively, based on correlations with dated regional lava flows (Moore and Trusdell, 1991). The samples in this dataset are from the Kapoho Crater tuff cone, a younger scoria-forming eruption within Kapoho Crater, bulk tephra and ejected bombs from Puulena Crater, and lava flows exposed in the walls of Puulena Crater. All samples were analyzed to determine whole-rock compositions. Samples from the Kapoho Crater tuff cone and the younger scoria deposits within Kapoho Crater were additionally analyzed for mineral, matrix glass, and melt inclusion geochemistry. Whole rock analyses were done by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) at Hamilton Laboratory, New York. Minerals and quenched glasses (matrix glass and melt inclusions) were analyzed by electron microprobe (EPMA) at the University of Oregon to determine major element compositions (including sulfur and chlorine). A subset of matrix glasses and melt inclusions were also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, Washington, to determine H2O and CO2 concentrations to understand volatile behavior and make barometric estimates. Samples of Puulena Crater ash and Kapoho Crater tuff cone were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at the USGS California Volcano Observatory to further identify magmatic minerals and alteration phases. This data release contains individual files for the whole-rock analyses, the glass analyses, and the mineral analyses, as well as analyzed standards for the EPMA calibration. Detailed descriptions of the analytical methodologies used are included as a document within this data release. See Hazlett et al. (2024) for a discussion of these data, including geochemical context and figures. REFERENCES: Hazlett, R.W., Schmith, J., Lerner, A.H., Downs, D.T., Fitch, E.P., Parcheta, C.E., Gansecki, C.A., Spaulding, S., 2024, Origins and Nature of Large Explosive Eruptions in the Lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Insights from Ash Characterization and Geochemistry. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 452, 108114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2024.108114 Moore, R.B., 1992, Volcanic geology and eruption frequency, lower east rift zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology 54, 475-483. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301393 Moore, R.B., Trusdell, F. A., 1991, Geologic map of the lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2225, 1: 24,000 Swanson, D.A., Rose, T.R., Mucek, A.E., Garcia, M.O., Fiske, R.S., Mastin, L.G., 2014, Cycles of explosive and effusive eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Geology, 42, 631-634, https://doi.org/10.1130/G35701.1

Kilauea volcano (Hawaii, USA) is a shield volcano that exhibits both effusive and explosive eruptive activity. Although Kilauea has been predominantly built through effusive eruptions, explosive eruptions have occurred repeatedly at both Kilauea's summit and in the volcano's lower East Rift Zone (Moore, 1992; Swanson et al., 2014). This dataset presents geochemical analyses of samples from Kapoho Crater and Puulena Crater, which formed during powerful explosive eruptions in Kilauea's lower East Rift Zone. The eruption ages of Kapoho Crater and Puulena Crater are estimated to be ~1400-1700 CE and 1250-1600 CE, respectively, based on correlations with dated regional lava flows (Moore and Trusdell, 1991). The samples in this dataset are from the Kapoho Crater tuff cone, a younger scoria-forming eruption within Kapoho Crater, bulk tephra and ejected bombs from Puulena Crater, and lava flows exposed in the walls of Puulena Crater. All samples were analyzed to determine whole-rock compositions. Samples from the Kapoho Crater tuff cone and the younger scoria deposits within Kapoho Crater were additionally analyzed for mineral, matrix glass, and melt inclusion geochemistry. Whole rock analyses were done by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) at Hamilton Laboratory, New York. Minerals and quenched glasses (matrix glass and melt inclusions) were analyzed by electron microprobe (EPMA) at the University of Oregon to determine major element compositions (including sulfur and chlorine). A subset of matrix glasses and melt inclusions were also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, Washington, to determine H2O and CO2 concentrations to understand volatile behavior and make barometric estimates. Samples of Puulena Crater ash and Kapoho Crater tuff cone were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at the USGS California Volcano Observatory to further identify magmatic minerals and alteration phases. This data release contains individual files for the whole-rock analyses, the glass analyses, and the mineral analyses, as well as analyzed standards for the EPMA calibration. Detailed descriptions of the analytical methodologies used are included as a document within this data release. See Hazlett et al. (2024) for a discussion of these data, including geochemical context and figures. REFERENCES: Hazlett, R.W., Schmith, J., Lerner, A.H., Downs, D.T., Fitch, E.P., Parcheta, C.E., Gansecki, C.A., Spaulding, S., 2024, Origins and Nature of Large Explosive Eruptions in the Lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Insights from Ash Characterization and Geochemistry. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 452, 108114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2024.108114 Moore, R.B., 1992, Volcanic geology and eruption frequency, lower east rift zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology 54, 475-483. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301393 Moore, R.B., Trusdell, F. A., 1991, Geologic map of the lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2225, 1: 24,000 Swanson, D.A., Rose, T.R., Mucek, A.E., Garcia, M.O., Fiske, R.S., Mastin, L.G., 2014, Cycles of explosive and effusive eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Geology, 42, 631-634, https://doi.org/10.1130/G35701.1

This data release contains geochemical data for volcanic tephra from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, sampled between March 19 and April 16, 2008.

This data release contains geochemical data for volcanic tephra from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, sampled between March 19 and April 16, 2008.

This data release contains geochemical data for volcanic tephra from Kīlauea volcano, Hawaiʻi, sampled between March 19 and April 16, 2008.