Heat can be used a tracer for monitoring seepage rates within stream channels. To estimate seepage using temperature, the diel amplitude and attenuation of temperature at several depths below the streambed must be monitored, as well as the frequency and duration of streamflow in a channel (Narranjo and Smith, 2016). Special subsurface temperature rods (TRODS) were developed to address these most of these needs (Narranjo and Turcotte, 2015). A TROD consists of discrete temperature iButton sensors within a .75 inch (in) diameter 1 meter (m) long sealed, water-proof PVC pipe to prevent water damage to the sensors. A TROD is installed into stream channel sediments and measures surface water and sediment temperatures (Narranjo and Turcotte, 2015). TRODS are ideally suited for measuring instream water and sediment temperature as the instruments are constructed with a low profile design mitigating harsh channel conditions, are inexpensive to construct, allow for data transfers without removing the instrument using a simple and efficient dedicated software (Narranjo and Turcotte, 2015). However, TRODS do not measure stream duration or flow frequency and must be paired with other instrumentation.

This data release includes downscaled climate inputs and hydrologic outputs from 41 Basin Characterization Models (BCM) version 8 (v8), described in Flint and others (2021), with a 10 by 10-meter spatial resolution at monthly intervals from water years 1896 to 2023. Forty-one (41) models were developed for sentinel monitoring locations in Wildlife Areas and Ecological Reserves in California, USA. BCM bioclimatic variables (1991-2020), BCM Model Archives, monthly climate variables [precipitation (PPT), maximum air temperature (TMX), minimum air temperature (TMN), potential evapotranspiration (PET)], monthly hydrology BCM variables [actual evapotranspiration (AET), climatic water deficit (CWD), snowpack or snow water equivalent (PCK), recharge (RCH), runoff (RUN), and soil moisture storage (STR)], and water year and 30-year climate and hydrology summaries are provided for each model.

Infiltrometers are devices used to measure the infiltration rates of water into soils or porous media (Bouwer, 1986). Cylinder infiltrometers are generally constructed from metal shaped into cylinders which are driven into the ground and flooded with water. The rate at which water infiltrates into the ground is measured until the rate of infiltration is constant to capture unsaturated infiltration rates and beyond steady state to measure saturated infiltration rates and conductivity (Bouwer, 1986). Infiltrometers are typically employed to measure the rate of infiltration on inundated soils such as surface irrigation, seepage from surface water such as streams or reservoirs, or infiltration basins for groundwater recharge (Bouwer, 1986). Single ring and double ring infiltrometer tests can be performed using constant head or falling head conditions. A single ring infiltrometer consists of one metal ring that is used to measure infiltration. A double ring infiltrometer consists of a smaller nested infiltrometer within a larger cylinder. Equal water levels are maintained in both rings to mitigate divergent infiltration so that vertical infiltration can be measured in the inner infiltrometer (Bouwer, 1986). Under the constant head condition, Mariotte bottles (Schwertz, 1950) are used to maintain a constant head (water-level elevation) in the infiltrometer ring. For falling head tests, the water level is allowed to drop with time and the amount of water that infiltrates is measured. Several tests should be performed at the same location to obtain accurate measurements (Bouwer, 1986). Infiltrometer tests were performed at 12 streambed sites within the San Antonio Creek Valley watershed (SACVW) in order to quantify infiltration potential along San Antonio Creek and its tributaries. Data were collected over the course of five days beginning on August 22, 2017 and ending on August 26, 2017. Five sites (SAC-STB1 through SAC-STB5) were selected along the main channel of San Antonio Creek, and seven sites (SAC-UPL1 through SAC-UPL7) were selected along tributary channels.

Infiltrometers are devices used to measure the infiltration rates of water into soils or porous media (Bouwer, 1986). Cylinder infiltrometers are generally constructed from metal shaped into cylinders which are driven into the ground and flooded with water. The rate at which water infiltrates into the ground is measured until the rate of infiltration is constant to capture unsaturated infiltration rates and beyond steady state to measure saturated infiltration rates and conductivity (Bouwer, 1986). Infiltrometers are typically employed to measure the rate of infiltration on inundated soils such as surface irrigation, seepage from surface water such as streams or reservoirs, or infiltration basins for groundwater recharge (Bouwer, 1986). Single ring and double ring infiltrometer tests can be performed using constant head or falling head conditions. A single ring infiltrometer consists of one metal ring that is used to measure infiltration. A double ring infiltrometer consists of a smaller nested infiltrometer within a larger cylinder. Equal water levels are maintained in both rings to mitigate divergent infiltration so that vertical infiltration can be measured in the inner infiltrometer (Bouwer, 1986). Under the constant head condition, Mariotte bottles (Schwertz, 1950) are used to maintain a constant head (water-level elevation) in the infiltrometer ring. For falling head tests, the water level is allowed to drop with time and the amount of water that infiltrates is measured. Several tests should be performed at the same location to obtain accurate measurements (Bouwer, 1986). Infiltrometer tests were performed at 12 streambed sites within the San Antonio Creek Valley watershed (SACVW) in order to quantify infiltration potential along San Antonio Creek and its tributaries. Data were collected over the course of five days beginning on August 22, 2017 and ending on August 26, 2017. Five sites (SAC-STB1 through SAC-STB5) were selected along the main channel of San Antonio Creek, and seven sites (SAC-UPL1 through SAC-UPL7) were selected along tributary channels.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board compiled and analyzed data to determine the approximate extent of plumes from produced water disposal ponds during 2016-2018 when airborne electromagnetic survey data were collected near the Midway-Sunset, Buena Vista, Elk Hills, McKittrick, Cymric, North Belridge, South Belridge, and Lost Hills Oil Fields in the southwestern San Joaquin Valley (SWSJV), Kern County, California. Data were compiled from documents available in the California State Water Resources Control Board GeoTracker database and the USGS National Water Information System. Geochemistry data collected at groundwater monitoring wells were analyzed to classify shallow groundwater samples as either mixing or not mixing with produced water disposed of on land. Classification criteria and sources of related technical information reported by well owners are described in this data release.

The data compiled in this file were collected at the Theis-Nash Environmental Monitoring and Modeling Site managed by the University of Cincinnati. The monitoring network consisted of ten shallow piezometers installed in a compound bar within the Great Miami River. A stilling well was also installed within the river channel to monitor surface water stage. These locations were instrumented with logging pressure transducers and STIC loggers to collect a continuous record of water elevation, temperature, and specific conductance. Pressure data were converted to absolute elevation based on manual depth to water measurements from surveyed reference locations at the top of piezometer casings and stilling well support post. STIC relative conductivity readings were converted to specific conductance using calibration relationships developed for each logger prior to deployment and subsequent benchmarking to manual measurements of specific conductance within the piezometers and the river conducted during the deployment period. Data from the transducers and STIC sensors were acquired during the period from October 2022 to March 2023; manual measurements were conducted during periods of low stage when the compound bar was exposed within the river channel. This dataset is associated with the following publication: McGarr, J.T., P. Li, R.G. Ford, T. Kleman, C. Fields, J. Hobbs, L. Lupton, E. Poston, T. Marsh, L. Trutschel, K.M. Fritz, A. Rowe, C.D. Wallace, D. Ward, D.M. Sturmer, C. Dietsch, M. Naber, B.K. Lien, and M.R. Soltanian. Uncovering the hidden world of riverbed sediments: The role of sediment heterogeneity and cross-bar channel fills in the hydrogeochemical dynamics of the hyporheic zone. JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 644: 132062, (2024).

This dataset includes georeferenced high-resolution, airborne thermal infrared (TIR) imagery, a polyline shapefile of the channel centerline, and a tabular file with longitudinal stream temperature profiles for Hat Creek, California. The two aerial TIR surveys were conducted with a helicopter by NV5 Geospatial (formerly Quantum Spatial, Inc.) and are published as two raster mosaics in GeoTiff format with a resolution of 0.5 m. The TIR mosaics and longitudinal stream temperature profiles contain corrected surface temperatures in degrees C (multiplied by 10 to create an unsigned integer pixel type). The TIR dataset encompasses a 64.6-km reach of Hat Creek that extends from 50 m upstream of the confluence with Lost Creek to 50 m downstream of the confluence with the Pit River. The TIR surveys were collected during the afternoon of August 24, 2018, and the morning of August 25, 2018. The two TIR surveys were calibrated using continuous temperature loggers deployed at 12 in-stream locations distributed longitudinally throughout the survey area. A channel centerline was manually digitized within a geographic information system (GIS), and stream temperatures for longitudinal profiles were automatically sampled along the channel centerline from the TIR imagery. Sampled temperatures for the longitudinal profiles were manually filtered to remove measurements of non-water surfaces. The stream temperatures were plotted against channel distance upstream from the mouth of Hat Creek to create longitudinal stream temperature profiles, which were used to interpret groundwater discharge patterns.

This dataset includes georeferenced high-resolution, airborne thermal infrared (TIR) imagery, a polyline shapefile of the channel centerline, and a tabular file with longitudinal stream temperature profiles for Hat Creek, California. The two aerial TIR surveys were conducted with a helicopter by NV5 Geospatial (formerly Quantum Spatial, Inc.) and are published as two raster mosaics in GeoTiff format with a resolution of 0.5 m. The TIR mosaics and longitudinal stream temperature profiles contain corrected surface temperatures in degrees C (multiplied by 10 to create an unsigned integer pixel type). The TIR dataset encompasses a 64.6-km reach of Hat Creek that extends from 50 m upstream of the confluence with Lost Creek to 50 m downstream of the confluence with the Pit River. The TIR surveys were collected during the afternoon of August 24, 2018, and the morning of August 25, 2018. The two TIR surveys were calibrated using continuous temperature loggers deployed at 12 in-stream locations distributed longitudinally throughout the survey area. A channel centerline was manually digitized within a geographic information system (GIS), and stream temperatures for longitudinal profiles were automatically sampled along the channel centerline from the TIR imagery. Sampled temperatures for the longitudinal profiles were manually filtered to remove measurements of non-water surfaces. The stream temperatures were plotted against channel distance upstream from the mouth of Hat Creek to create longitudinal stream temperature profiles, which were used to interpret groundwater discharge patterns.

The data were collected summer, 2016, 2017, and 2018. Continuous temperature loggers were deployed along the Pend Oreille River between Albeni Falls Dam and the Box Canyon Dam. Loggers were checked every 1-2 weeks throughout the summer.

The data were collected summer, 2016, 2017, and 2018. Continuous temperature loggers were deployed along the Pend Oreille River between Albeni Falls Dam and the Box Canyon Dam. Loggers were checked every 1-2 weeks throughout the summer.