Infiltrometers are devices used to measure the infiltration rates of water into soils or porous media (Bouwer, 1986). Cylinder infiltrometers are generally constructed from metal shaped into cylinders which are driven into the ground and flooded with water. The rate at which water infiltrates into the ground is measured until the rate of infiltration is constant to capture unsaturated infiltration rates and beyond steady state to measure saturated infiltration rates and conductivity (Bouwer, 1986). Infiltrometers are typically employed to measure the rate of infiltration on inundated soils such as surface irrigation, seepage from surface water such as streams or reservoirs, or infiltration basins for groundwater recharge (Bouwer, 1986). Single ring and double ring infiltrometer tests can be performed using constant head or falling head conditions. A single ring infiltrometer consists of one metal ring that is used to measure infiltration. A double ring infiltrometer consists of a smaller nested infiltrometer within a larger cylinder. Equal water levels are maintained in both rings to mitigate divergent infiltration so that vertical infiltration can be measured in the inner infiltrometer (Bouwer, 1986). Under the constant head condition, Mariotte bottles (Schwertz, 1950) are used to maintain a constant head (water-level elevation) in the infiltrometer ring. For falling head tests, the water level is allowed to drop with time and the amount of water that infiltrates is measured. Several tests should be performed at the same location to obtain accurate measurements (Bouwer, 1986). Infiltrometer tests were performed at 12 streambed sites within the San Antonio Creek Valley watershed (SACVW) in order to quantify infiltration potential along San Antonio Creek and its tributaries. Data were collected over the course of five days beginning on August 22, 2017 and ending on August 26, 2017. Five sites (SAC-STB1 through SAC-STB5) were selected along the main channel of San Antonio Creek, and seven sites (SAC-UPL1 through SAC-UPL7) were selected along tributary channels.

Heat can be used a tracer for monitoring seepage rates within stream channels. To estimate seepage using temperature, the diel amplitude and attenuation of temperature at several depths below the streambed must be monitored, as well as the frequency and duration of streamflow in a channel (Narranjo and Smith, 2016). Special subsurface temperature rods (TRODS) were developed to address these most of these needs (Narranjo and Turcotte, 2015). A TROD consists of discrete temperature iButton sensors within a .75 inch (in) diameter 1 meter (m) long sealed, water-proof PVC pipe to prevent water damage to the sensors. A TROD is installed into stream channel sediments and measures surface water and sediment temperatures (Narranjo and Turcotte, 2015). TRODS are ideally suited for measuring instream water and sediment temperature as the instruments are constructed with a low profile design mitigating harsh channel conditions, are inexpensive to construct, allow for data transfers without removing the instrument using a simple and efficient dedicated software (Narranjo and Turcotte, 2015). However, TRODS do not measure stream duration or flow frequency and must be paired with other instrumentation.

Heat can be used a tracer for monitoring seepage rates within stream channels. To estimate seepage using temperature, the diel amplitude and attenuation of temperature at several depths below the streambed must be monitored, as well as the frequency and duration of streamflow in a channel (Narranjo and Smith, 2016). Special subsurface temperature rods (TRODS) were developed to address these most of these needs (Narranjo and Turcotte, 2015). A TROD consists of discrete temperature iButton sensors within a .75 inch (in) diameter 1 meter (m) long sealed, water-proof PVC pipe to prevent water damage to the sensors. A TROD is installed into stream channel sediments and measures surface water and sediment temperatures (Narranjo and Turcotte, 2015). TRODS are ideally suited for measuring instream water and sediment temperature as the instruments are constructed with a low profile design mitigating harsh channel conditions, are inexpensive to construct, allow for data transfers without removing the instrument using a simple and efficient dedicated software (Narranjo and Turcotte, 2015). However, TRODS do not measure stream duration or flow frequency and must be paired with other instrumentation.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board compiled and analyzed data to determine the approximate extent of plumes from produced water disposal ponds during 2016-2018 when airborne electromagnetic survey data were collected near the Midway-Sunset, Buena Vista, Elk Hills, McKittrick, Cymric, North Belridge, South Belridge, and Lost Hills Oil Fields in the southwestern San Joaquin Valley (SWSJV), Kern County, California. Data were compiled from documents available in the California State Water Resources Control Board GeoTracker database and the USGS National Water Information System. Geochemistry data collected at groundwater monitoring wells were analyzed to classify shallow groundwater samples as either mixing or not mixing with produced water disposed of on land. Classification criteria and sources of related technical information reported by well owners are described in this data release.

Floodplain infiltration rates were measured at five locations in July 2019 using a double ring infiltrometer. The double ring infiltrometer instrument consists of two concentric metal cylinders – a larger outer ring and smaller inner ring. The rings were driven into the soil and the area inside the cylinders was flooded with water. Infiltration rates were measured directly in the inner ring by timing the drop in water level at 0.64 cm (0.25 inch) increments. Water was periodically added to both rings during the test to maintain an approximately uniform water level above the soil. The iterative process of draining and re-filling was continued until a steady rate of infiltration was reached, typically after one to three hours. Infiltration rate measurements from the inner ring are considered to represent one-dimensional and vertical flow.

IMPORTANT NOTE: More recent versions of these data release are available at this link. This dataset includes spatial locations where streamflow permanence observations (continuous flow, discontinuous flow, and dry) were recorded using the FLOwPER (FLOw PERmanence) field survey available in the Survey 123 and S1 mobile application. Additional information to describe the field conditions are included as part of the survey. Field observations in the FLOwPER Database have not been processed for quality control including spatial data accuracy or association with a stream network such as the National Hydrography Dataset. Streamflow permanence observations are collected from several governmental and non-governmental organizations on a continuing basis. This data release is formatted as a shapefile that includes streamflow permanence observations with associated information. Photographs associated with FLOwPER data points are included.

IMPORTANT NOTE: More recent versions of these data release are available at this link. This dataset includes spatial locations where streamflow permanence observations (continuous flow, discontinuous flow, and dry) were recorded using the FLOwPER (FLOw PERmanence) field survey available in the Survey 123 and S1 mobile application. Additional information to describe the field conditions are included as part of the survey. Field observations in the FLOwPER Database have not been processed for quality control including spatial data accuracy or association with a stream network such as the National Hydrography Dataset. Streamflow permanence observations are collected from several governmental and non-governmental organizations on a continuing basis. This data release is formatted as a shapefile that includes streamflow permanence observations with associated information. Photographs associated with FLOwPER data points are included.

IMPORTANT NOTE: This dataset includes spatial locations where streamflow permanence observations (continuous flow, discontinuous flow, and dry) were recorded using the FLOwPER (FLOw PERmanence) field survey available in the Survey 123. Additional information to describe the field conditions are included as part of the survey. Field observations in the FLOwPER Database have not been processed for quality control including spatial data accuracy or association with a stream network such as the National Hydrography Dataset. Streamflow permanence observations are collected from several governmental and non-governmental organizations on a continuing basis. This data release is formatted as a shapefile that includes streamflow permanence observations with associated information. Photographs associated with FLOwPER data points are included. The spatial extent of this dataset is the western United States and includes the following states: Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Nevada, and California.

This dataset depicts groundwater level (expressed as elevation in feet amsl) at selected monitoring locations (wells) , by season and year. Other information on the monitoring location is also included. Water level monitoring locations and measurements used are selected based on measurement date and well construction information, where available, and approximate groundwater levels in the unconfined to uppermost semi-confined aquifers. This dataset was created to assist state and local agencies in assessing the status of groundwater levels statewide for recent seasons/years and in relation to other periods. For more information on this service, please contact gis@water.ca.gov