A hydrodynamic, water-temperature, and water-quality model (CE-QUAL-W2; Wells, 2020) of the Link-Keno reach of the Klamath River (Oregon) was used for calendar years 2006–15 to run a series of base and recirculation scenarios. These model runs were implemented to test alternative scenarios for routing some of the Klamath Straits Drain discharge into Ady Canal. The model scenarios were configured for baseline conditions and three different sets of recirculation scenarios, including the maximum year-round recirculation without discharge limits (scenario 1), limited year-round recirculation fixed by the current pipe flow configuration from Klamath Straits Drain into Ady Canal (scenario 2), and limited seasonal recirculation (May-September), also fixed by the current pipe flow configuration (scenario 3). For calendar years 2012–15, a separate CE-QUAL-W2 model for the Klamath Straits Drain was used in lieu of the Klamath Straits Drain as a tributary directly into the Link-Keno reach of the Klamath River CE-QUAL-W2 model. Original calibration and simulation of the Klamath Straits Drain model was documented in Sullivan and Rounds (2018). Original calibration and simulation of the Link-Keno reach of the Klamath River was documented in Sullivan and others (2011). These recirculation scenarios will be used by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to better understand the effects of recirculating Klamath Straits Drain discharge into Ady Canal on constituent loads of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5).

This model archive data release includes all models used to characterize the magnitude, spatial distribution and timing of groundwater (GW) flow through lakebed sediments to Upper Klamath Lake (UKL), Oregon, described in the associated journal article (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142768). One-dimensional vertical models of GW flow (MODFLOW-2005) and solute transport (MT3D-USGS) were calibrated (UCODE) to 2014 observed dissolved silica (Si, 0.2-micron filtered) porewater concentrations in the upper 0.1 m of lakebed sediment to estimate GW flow and Si exchange across the lakebed interface. The Si-based calibrated GW flow rates were then used in conjunction with observed dissolved phosphate-phosphorus (PP) porewater concentrations in the upper 0.1 m of lakebed sediment to estimate the amount of PP reacted during upward flow through the lakebed sediment and the PP discharge to the lake. One-dimensional, vertical GW flow and heat transport models (VS2DH) were calibrated (UCODE) to 2015 and 2017 observed lakebed temperatures to provide estimates of GW-inflow rates at multiple UKL locations. Calibrated GW inflows were greatest in the spring and decreased through the summer. The magnitude and timing of the GW-lake water exchange estimates obtained from these methods were compared to rates obtained from a generalized cross-sectional GW flow model (MODFLOW-NWT) with time-varying recharge. The cross-sectional GW flow model demonstrated that snow-melt GW recharge could be transported rapidly to the lake due to the relatively high permeability and low specific storage of the surrounding volcanic rocks explaining the greater GW discharge to the lake in the spring. This USGS data release contains all the input and output files for the simulations described in the associated journal article (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142768).

This data release consists of a two-dimensional (laterally averaged) hydrodynamic water-quality model (CE-QUAL-W2; Wells, 2019) of Green Peter and Foster Lakes for the 2023 calendar year, and three theoretical deep drawdown operational scenarios that apply the 2023 model to calendar year 2024. The model and scenarios were used to gain insights into the thermal processes in Green Peter and Foster Lakes and downstream water release temperatures from Green Peter Dam to the Middle Santiam River and from Foster Lake to the South Santiam River during deep drawdown operations, and to investigate the effects of deep reservoir drawdown timing on water temperatures within and downstream of Green Peter and Foster Lakes. The model and scenarios documented here were modified from the Green Peter and Foster Lakes model documented in Stratton Garvin and Rounds (2023) and Stratton Garvin and others (2023), and are not appropriate for use other than the intended purpose of comparing various drawdown operational scenarios using 2023 deep drawdown conditions to inform potential management decisions.

CE-QUAL-W2, a mechanistic, two-dimensional model of hydrodynamics and water quality (Portland State University, 2021), was developed and calibrated for J. Percy Priest Reservoir, Tennessee, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) reservoir on the Stones River, southeast of Nashville, Tennessee. The J. Percy Priest CE-QUAL-W2 model was simulated and calibrated using USACE data collected from January 2012 through May 2019. Constituent loads were developed for the CE-QUAL-W2 model using the LOAD ESTimator (LOADEST; U.S. Geological Survey, 2016) and were based on water-quality data collected by the USACE from January 2005 through May 2019. The calibrated model will be used by the Tennessee Department of Environmental Conservation and others as a water-quality diagnostic and predictive tool for water-resources management. References: Portland State University, 2021, CE-QUAL-W2 Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model: Water Quality Research Group, accessed October 19, 2021, at http://www.cee.pdx.edu/w2/. U.S. Geological Survey, 2016, Load Estimator (LOADEST): A Program for Estimating Constituent Loads in Streams and Rivers: U.S. Geological Survey website, accessed February 8, 2022 at https://water.usgs.gov/software/loadest/.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is considering changing the operations of Berlin Lake, Lake Milton, Michael J Kirwan Reservoir, and Mosquito Creek Lake. The lakes in this study are all reservoirs, formed by dams. These models were constructed to simulate those operations and document possible water-quality effects in the lakes, the lake outflows, and the Mahoning River downstream of the lakes. This data release includes U.S. Army Corps of Engineers water-quality data and the input and output files from the mechanistic water-quality models (CE-QUAL-W2).

A mechanistic, biophysical water-quality model (CE–QUAL–W2) was developed and calibrated for Lake St. Croix, Wisconsin and Minnesota. The Lake St. Croix CE–QUAL–W2 model was simulated and calibrated using data collected from April through November 2013. Loads developed for the model were based on water-quality data collected by various agencies, including the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The calibrated model was used to evaluate good- and optimal-growth habitat availability for lake sturgeon using coldwater fish oxygen and thermal requirements, as part of the associated report, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5157 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/SIR20175157).

The Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement (KBRA) was developed by a diverse group of stakeholders, Federal and State resource management agencies, Tribal representatives, and interest groups to provide a comprehensive solution to ecological and water-supply issues in the Klamath River Basin. The Off-Project Water Program (OPWP), one component of the KBRA, has as one of its purposes to permanently provide an additional 30,000 acre-ft of water per year on an average annual basis to Upper Klamath Lake through “voluntary retirement of water rights or water uses or other means as agreed to by the Klamath Tribes, to improve fisheries habitat and also provide for stability of irrigation water deliveries” (Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement, 2010, p. 105–111). The geographic area where the water rights could be retired encompasses approximately 1,900 square mi. The OPWP area is defined as including the Sprague River drainage, the Sycan River drainage below Sycan Marsh, the Wood River drainage, and the Williamson River drainage from the abandoned town site of Kirk downstream to the confluence with the Sprague River. Extensive, broad, flat, poorly drained uplands, valleys, and wetlands characterize much of the study area. Irrigation is almost entirely used for pasture. To assist parties in the OPWP involved with decision making and implementation, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Klamath Tribes, created five hydrological information products. These products include GIS digital maps and datasets containing spatial information on evapotranspiration, subirrigation indicators, water rights, subbasin streamflow statistics, and return flow indicators.

The Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement (KBRA) was developed by a diverse group of stakeholders, Federal and State resource management agencies, Tribal representatives, and interest groups to provide a comprehensive solution to ecological and water-supply issues in the Klamath Basin. The Off-Project Water Program (OPWP), one component of the KBRA, has as one of its purposes to permanently provide an additional 30,000 acre-feet of water per year on an average annual basis to Upper Klamath Lake through “voluntary retirement of water rights or water uses or other means as agreed to by the Klamath Tribes, to improve fisheries habitat and also provide for stability of irrigation water deliveries.” The geographic area where the water rights could be retired encompasses approximately 1,900 square miles. The OPWP area is defined as including the Sprague River drainage, the Sycan River drainage downstream of Sycan Marsh, the Wood River drainage, and the Williamson River drainage from Kirk Reef at the southern end of Klamath Marsh downstream to the confluence with the Sprague River. Extensive, broad, flat, poorly drained uplands, valleys, and wetlands characterize much of the study area. Irrigation is almost entirely used for pasture. To assist parties involved with decisionmaking and implementation of the OPWP, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Klamath Tribes and other stakeholders, created five hydrological information products. These products include GIS digital maps and datasets containing spatial information on evapotranspiration, subirrigation indicators, water rights, subbasin streamflow statistics, and return-flow indicators.

Hydrological Information Products for the Off-Project Water Program of the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1199 U.S. Department of the Interior By Daniel T. Snyder, John C. Risley, and Jonathan V. Haynes Prepared in cooperation with The Klamath Tribes Access complete report at: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1199 Suggested citation: Snyder, D.T., Risley, J.C., and Haynes, J.V., 2012, Hydrological information products for the Off-Project Water Program of the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1199, 17 p., https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1199 Summary The Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement (KBRA) was developed by a diverse group of stakeholders, Federal and State resource management agencies, Tribal representatives, and interest groups to provide a comprehensive solution to ecological and water-supply issues in the Klamath Basin. The Off-Project Water Program (OPWP), one component of the KBRA, has as one of its purposes to permanently provide an additional 30,000 acre-feet of water per year on an average annual basis to Upper Klamath Lake through “voluntary retirement of water rights or water uses or other means as agreed to by the Klamath Tribes, to improve fisheries habitat and also provide for stability of irrigation water deliveries.” The geographic area where the water rights could be retired encompasses approximately 1,900 square miles. The OPWP area is defined as including the Sprague River drainage, the Sycan River drainage downstream of Sycan Marsh, the Wood River drainage, and the Williamson River drainage from Kirk Reef at the southern end of Klamath Marsh downstream to the confluence with the Sprague River. Extensive, broad, flat, poorly drained uplands, valleys, and wetlands characterize much of the study area. Irrigation is almost entirely used for pasture. To assist parties involved with decisionmaking and implementation of the OPWP, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Klamath Tribes and other stakeholders, created five hydrological i nformation products. These products include GIS digital maps and datasets containing spatial information on evapotranspiration, subirrigation indicators, water rights, subbasin streamflow statistics, and return-flow indicators. The evapotranspiration (ET) datasets were created under contract for this study by Evapotranspiration, Plus, LLC, of Twin Falls, Idaho. A high-resolution remote sensing technique known as Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution and Internalized Calibration (METRIC) was used to create estimates of the spatial distribution of ET. The METRIC technique uses thermal infrared Landsat imagery to quantify actual evapotranspiration at a 30-meter resolution that can be related to individual irrigated fields. Because evaporation uses heat energy, ground surfaces with large ET rates are left cooler as a result of ET than ground surfaces that have less ET. As a consequence, irrigated fields appear in the Landsat images as cooler than nonirrigated fields. Products produced from this study include total seasonal and total monthly (April–October) actual evapotranspiration maps for 2004 (a dry year) and 2006 (a wet year). Maps showing indicators of natural subirrigation were also provided by this study. “Subirrigation” as used here is the evapotranspiration of shallow groundwater by plants with roots that penetrate to or near the water table. Subirrigation often occurs at locations where the water table is at or above the plant rooting depth. Natural consumptive use by plants diminishes the benefit of retiring water rights in subirrigated areas. Some agricultural production may be possible, however, on subirrigated lands for which water rights are retired. Because of the difficulty in precisely mapping and quantifying subirrigation, this study presents several sources of spatially mapped data that can be used as indicators of higher subirrigation

Hydrological Information Products for the Off-Project Water Program of the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1199 U.S. Department of the Interior By Daniel T. Snyder, John C. Risley, and Jonathan V. Haynes Prepared in cooperation with The Klamath Tribes Access complete report at: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1199 Suggested citation: Snyder, D.T., Risley, J.C., and Haynes, J.V., 2012, Hydrological information products for the Off-Project Water Program of the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1199, 17 p., https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1199 Summary The Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement (KBRA) was developed by a diverse group of stakeholders, Federal and State resource management agencies, Tribal representatives, and interest groups to provide a comprehensive solution to ecological and water-supply issues in the Klamath Basin. The Off-Project Water Program (OPWP), one component of the KBRA, has as one of its purposes to permanently provide an additional 30,000 acre-feet of water per year on an average annual basis to Upper Klamath Lake through “voluntary retirement of water rights or water uses or other means as agreed to by the Klamath Tribes, to improve fisheries habitat and also provide for stability of irrigation water deliveries.” The geographic area where the water rights could be retired encompasses approximately 1,900 square miles. The OPWP area is defined as including the Sprague River drainage, the Sycan River drainage downstream of Sycan Marsh, the Wood River drainage, and the Williamson River drainage from Kirk Reef at the southern end of Klamath Marsh downstream to the confluence with the Sprague River. Extensive, broad, flat, poorly drained uplands, valleys, and wetlands characterize much of the study area. Irrigation is almost entirely used for pasture. To assist parties involved with decisionmaking and implementation of the OPWP, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Klamath Tribes and other stakeholders, created five hydrological i nformation products. These products include GIS digital maps and datasets containing spatial information on evapotranspiration, subirrigation indicators, water rights, subbasin streamflow statistics, and return-flow indicators. The evapotranspiration (ET) datasets were created under contract for this study by Evapotranspiration, Plus, LLC, of Twin Falls, Idaho. A high-resolution remote sensing technique known as Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution and Internalized Calibration (METRIC) was used to create estimates of the spatial distribution of ET. The METRIC technique uses thermal infrared Landsat imagery to quantify actual evapotranspiration at a 30-meter resolution that can be related to individual irrigated fields. Because evaporation uses heat energy, ground surfaces with large ET rates are left cooler as a result of ET than ground surfaces that have less ET. As a consequence, irrigated fields appear in the Landsat images as cooler than nonirrigated fields. Products produced from this study include total seasonal and total monthly (April–October) actual evapotranspiration maps for 2004 (a dry year) and 2006 (a wet year). Maps showing indicators of natural subirrigation were also provided by this study. “Subirrigation” as used here is the evapotranspiration of shallow groundwater by plants with roots that penetrate to or near the water table. Subirrigation often occurs at locations where the water table is at or above the plant rooting depth. Natural consumptive use by plants diminishes the benefit of retiring water rights in subirrigated areas. Some agricultural production may be possible, however, on subirrigated lands for which water rights are retired. Because of the difficulty in precisely mapping and quantifying subirrigation, this study presents several sources of spatially mapped data that can be used as indicators of higher subirrigation