This data release consists of a two-dimensional (laterally averaged) hydrodynamic water-quality model (CE-QUAL-W2; Wells, 2019) of Green Peter and Foster Lakes for the 2023 calendar year, and three theoretical deep drawdown operational scenarios that apply the 2023 model to calendar year 2024. The model and scenarios were used to gain insights into the thermal processes in Green Peter and Foster Lakes and downstream water release temperatures from Green Peter Dam to the Middle Santiam River and from Foster Lake to the South Santiam River during deep drawdown operations, and to investigate the effects of deep reservoir drawdown timing on water temperatures within and downstream of Green Peter and Foster Lakes. The model and scenarios documented here were modified from the Green Peter and Foster Lakes model documented in Stratton Garvin and Rounds (2023) and Stratton Garvin and others (2023), and are not appropriate for use other than the intended purpose of comparing various drawdown operational scenarios using 2023 deep drawdown conditions to inform potential management decisions.

Green Peter Dam on the Middle Santiam River and the downstream Foster Dam on the South Santiam River in Oregon have altered natural seasonal temperature patterns in those rivers. In response, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is leading efforts to improve conditions for Chinook salmon upstream and downstream of these dams by considering structural alterations and by exploring changes to the way the dams are operated. This data release includes the input and output files from a mechanistic water-quality model (CE–QUAL–W2) that was developed for Green Peter and Foster Lakes and the South Santiam River downstream of Foster Dam. The model was used to estimate how operations at Green Peter and Foster Dams affect water temperature in Foster Lake and in the South Santiam River downstream of Foster Dam, and how the dams can be operated to produce more optimal water temperatures to support fish requirements. The model results provide guidance to reservoir operators and water-resource professionals who seek to manage the South Santiam River Basin for multiple purposes, including improved conditions for endangered anadromous fish.

A hydrodynamic, water-temperature, and water-quality model (CE-QUAL-W2; Wells, 2020) of the Link-Keno reach of the Klamath River (Oregon) was used for calendar years 2006–15 to run a series of base and recirculation scenarios. These model runs were implemented to test alternative scenarios for routing some of the Klamath Straits Drain discharge into Ady Canal. The model scenarios were configured for baseline conditions and three different sets of recirculation scenarios, including the maximum year-round recirculation without discharge limits (scenario 1), limited year-round recirculation fixed by the current pipe flow configuration from Klamath Straits Drain into Ady Canal (scenario 2), and limited seasonal recirculation (May-September), also fixed by the current pipe flow configuration (scenario 3). For calendar years 2012–15, a separate CE-QUAL-W2 model for the Klamath Straits Drain was used in lieu of the Klamath Straits Drain as a tributary directly into the Link-Keno reach of the Klamath River CE-QUAL-W2 model. Original calibration and simulation of the Klamath Straits Drain model was documented in Sullivan and Rounds (2018). Original calibration and simulation of the Link-Keno reach of the Klamath River was documented in Sullivan and others (2011). These recirculation scenarios will be used by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to better understand the effects of recirculating Klamath Straits Drain discharge into Ady Canal on constituent loads of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5).

A hydrodynamic, water-temperature, and water-quality model (CE-QUAL-W2; Wells, 2020) of the Link-Keno reach of the Klamath River (Oregon) was used for calendar years 2006–15 to run a series of base and recirculation scenarios. These model runs were implemented to test alternative scenarios for routing some of the Klamath Straits Drain discharge into Ady Canal. The model scenarios were configured for baseline conditions and three different sets of recirculation scenarios, including the maximum year-round recirculation without discharge limits (scenario 1), limited year-round recirculation fixed by the current pipe flow configuration from Klamath Straits Drain into Ady Canal (scenario 2), and limited seasonal recirculation (May-September), also fixed by the current pipe flow configuration (scenario 3). For calendar years 2012–15, a separate CE-QUAL-W2 model for the Klamath Straits Drain was used in lieu of the Klamath Straits Drain as a tributary directly into the Link-Keno reach of the Klamath River CE-QUAL-W2 model. Original calibration and simulation of the Klamath Straits Drain model was documented in Sullivan and Rounds (2018). Original calibration and simulation of the Link-Keno reach of the Klamath River was documented in Sullivan and others (2011). These recirculation scenarios will be used by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to better understand the effects of recirculating Klamath Straits Drain discharge into Ady Canal on constituent loads of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5).

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (FDLB), Minnesota, analyzed the hydrologic and hydraulic conditions within the Stoney Brook watershed. The Stoney Brook watershed covers an area of 100.8 square miles in Carlton and St. Louis counties with most of the watershed within the Fond du Lac Reservation. Wild rice, which is harvested by the FDLB, naturally grows in the lakes on the Fond du Lac Reservation and is susceptible to damage from increased water-levels after substantial rainfall events. Channel modifications and frequency rainfall events were simulated to assess lake level conditions that could mitigate potential damages to the wild rice yields. The channel modifications were also used to evaluate options for improving conveyance and floodplain storage in the watershed. The study area consists of 77.9 square miles of the watershed with the downstream boundary located 2.4 miles downstream from the USGS streamgage Stoney Brook at Pine Drive near Brookston, Minn. (USGS station 04021520; U.S. Geological Survey, 2023). A hydrologic model was used to simulate precipitation runoff and outflow hydrographs from delineated subwatersheds in the Stoney Brook watershed. A two-dimensional hydraulic model was used to simulate streamflows, volume accumulation, lake water-levels, and inundation duration and depths. The hydrologic model was developed using Hydrologic Engineering Center–Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC–HMS) computer program (version 4.3; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2022) for the simulation of single rainfall events. A total of 14 subwatersheds were used in the HEC–HMS model to represent the 77.9 square mile study area within the Stoney Brook watershed. The HEC–HMS model was calibrated using streamflow time series from the USGS streamgage Stoney Brook at Pine Drive near Brookston, Minn. (USGS station 04021520; U.S. Geological Survey, 2023) to two high-flow events: April 21–30, 2008, and June 19–July 1, 2012. The calibrated HEC–HMS model used 24-hour duration design rainfall events consisting of precipitation frequencies of 1-, 2-, 5-, and 10-year recurrence intervals (100-, 50-, 20-, and 10-percent annual exceedance probabilities) for the simulation of channel modification alternatives in the hydraulic model. The hydraulic model was developed using Hydrologic Engineering Center–River Analysis System (HEC–RAS) computer program (version 6.4.1; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2023). The HEC–RAS model was calibrated using streamflow time series from the USGS streamgage Stoney Brook at Pine Drive near Brookston, Minn. (USGS station 04021520; U.S. Geological Survey, 2023) to two high-flow events: April 21–30, 2008, and June 19–July 1, 2012. Channel modification alternatives were developed in the HEC–RAS model as terrain modifications and were intended to improve flow conveyances and storage and wetland coverage within the floodplain. These terrain modifications include breaches in the bank spoils, reconnecting the original channel to Stoney Brook, and clearing the original channel of soil deposition and debris. The HEC–HMS with HEC–RAS scenarios were simulated using flows from 1-, 2-, 5-, and 10-year recurrence interval (100-, 50-, 20-, and 10-percent annual exceedance probabilities) precipitation events distributed over a 24-hour duration. The HEC–RAS model was used to determine differences in hydraulic characteristics such as: peak water-surface elevations in the lakes, peak flows, volume accumulation, and inundation durations and depths. This data release contains a zip file that includes the HEC–HMS and HEC–RAS model run files, model performance and calibration metrics, and model outputs used in this study. References Cited: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2018, Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System HEC–HMS 4.3. User’s Manual: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers software release, accessed October 10, 2022, at

A mechanistic, biophysical water-quality model (CE–QUAL–W2) was developed and calibrated for Lake St. Croix, Wisconsin and Minnesota. The Lake St. Croix CE–QUAL–W2 model was simulated and calibrated using data collected from April through November 2013. Loads developed for the model were based on water-quality data collected by various agencies, including the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The calibrated model was used to evaluate good- and optimal-growth habitat availability for lake sturgeon using coldwater fish oxygen and thermal requirements, as part of the associated report, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5157 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/SIR20175157).

Streamflow and stream temperature in the Donner und Blitzen River Basin for water years 1980 through 2021 were simulated using the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) with the "stream_temp" module. The model domain was discretized into 175 stream segments and calibrated to observed streamflow and stream temperature at points distributed throughout the basin. Model input files, including a PRMS control file, parameter file, and meteorological forcing files, are included in the Blitzen_PRMS_input.zip file. Select output variables for each hydrologic response unit (HRU), each stream segment, and PRMS basin summary outputs are included in the Blitzen_PRMS_output.zip file. Shapefiles of the model domain, model components, and observation points are contained in the Blitzen_PRMS_GIS.zip file. Streamflow and stream temperature are important components of fish growth potential and the model output contained here can support distributed fish bioenergetics models and drought assessment within the Donner und Blitzen River Basin.

This groundwater-flow model archive/data release contains the model input and output files for 1) edited versions of four of the five NAWQA steady- state, inset MODFLOW-NWT models of regional model of Lake Michigan Basin (https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185038) and 2) general models simulating the same four basins as the four inset models. Two HUC8 basins in the lower peninsula of Michigan (Kalamazoo (KALA) and Boardman-Charlevoix (BOARD) basins) and two HUC8 basins in Wisconsin (Upper Fox (UFOX) and Manitowoc-Sheboygan (MANI) basins) are represented in the inset and genera-simulation models. The inset models are designed to serve as a training area for metamodels to estimate groundwater age in glacial wells. The construction and details of the original four inset models are outlined in the U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018-5038 (https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185038), and the construction and details of the general models are outlined in the Water Resources Research journal article (https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR021531). The original four inset models are archived in the data release at https://doi.org/10.5066/F76D5R5V. Groundwater withdrawals from wells in the original four inset models were removed in the inset models in this archive because the general models did not have wells and to be able to compare the results from the two types of models in the archive. The boundary conditions of these “pre-development” versions of the inset models were changed from constant-head boundaries (reflecting 2005 conditions) to no-flow boundaries. The general-simulation models apply an innovative modeling approach that allows for rapid,automated construction and calibration of models at a scale appropriate to the problem at hand (https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215142). Results from the four general models in this archive were compared to results from the edited versions of the four inset models to evaluate the degree to which the general models reproduce behavior simulated by the inset models that use conventional flow modeling techniques. The underlying directories contain all the input and output files for the MODFLOW-NWT simulations and MODPATH particle tracking analysis for the edited versions of four inset models, and the four general models simulating the same four basins as the inset models described in the USGS Scientific Investigations Report (https://doi.org/10.3133sir20215142). The MODFLOW-NWT (v 1.0.9) and MODPATH 6 (version 6.0.1) executables and source codes, various ancillary python scripts written for this project, and model geospatial data are also included in the archive. Descriptions of the data in each subdirectory are provided to facilitate understanding of this this model archive. File descriptions are provided for select input and output files to provide additional information that may be of use for understanding this this model archive.

The Willamette Valley Project (WVP) is a system of revetments, fish hatcheries, and 13 dams in the Willamette Basin of northwestern Oregon that is operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to provide flood risk management, irrigation, power generation, water quality improvement, and recreational opportunities, among other authorized purposes. By reducing available habitat and altering the natural hydrologic and thermal regimes in the Willamette Basin, the WVP has negatively influenced native populations of anadromous fish, including spring-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and winter-run steelhead (O. mykiss), which were designated as threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Public Law 93–205, 87 Stat. 884, as amended) in 1999. CE-QUAL-W2, a two-dimensional, hydrodynamic water quality model, has been used to simulate and analyze the temperature of water released from key Willamette Valley Project dams. and the effect on river reaches downstream that might result from a variety of theoretical management scenarios. This data release includes input, output, and calibration files for CE-QUAL-W2 models of Hills Creek Lake and Hills Creek Dam, the Middle Fork Willamette River between Hills Creek Dam and Lookout Point Lake, Lookout Point Lake and Lookout Point Dam, Dexter Lake and Dexter Dam, Cougar Reservoir and Cougar Dam, Green Peter Lake and Green Peter Dam, Foster Lake and Foster Dam, Detroit Lake and Detroit Dam, and Big Cliff Lake and Big Cliff Dam. The models, built by other researchers in the early to-mid-2000s to simulate a disparate range of time periods, were upgraded to CE-QUAL-W2 version 4.2 with additional USGS modifications. Models are set up to run from January through December of 2011, 2015, and 2016 except where truncated for the purposes of model stability. CE-QUAL-W2 models in this data release can be combined with CE-QUAL-W2 river models of the Fall Creek and the Coast Fork Willamette, Middle Fork Willamette, Row, South Fork McKenzie, McKenzie, South Santiam, North Santiam, Santiam, and Willamette Rivers, documented in OFR 2022-1017 (see External Sources), to run model scenarios for an “integrated, basin-wide” model of the Willamette Valley Project.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the St. Croix River Research Station – Science Museum of Minnesota, updated a previously developed CE-QUAL-W2 hydrodynamic and water-quality model of Madison Lake, Minnesota (Smith and others, 2017). The previous version simulated phytoplankton into four general algal communities or groups: (1) Bacillariophyta (diatoms) and Chrysophyta (chrysophytes); (2) Chlorophyta (green algae); (3) Cyanophyta (blue-green algae); and, (4) Haptophyta and Cryptophyta (flagellates). For the updated model, the Cyanophyta group (originally referred to as blue-green algae) has been divided into two groups: a nitrogen-fixing Cyanophyta group, generally representative of Anabaena, Dolichospermum, and Cylindrospermopsis, and a non-fixing, buoyant Cyanophyta group, generally representative of Planktothrix, Microcystis, and Woronichinia.