The late Taro Takahashi (LDEO/Columbia University) provided the first near-global monthly air-sea CO2 flux climatology in Takahashi et al. (1997), based on available surface water partial pressure of CO2 measurements. This product has been a benchmark for uptake of CO2 in the ocean. Several versions have been provided since, with improvements in procedures and large increases in observations, culminating in the authoritative assessment in Takahashi et al. (2009). Here we provide and document the last iteration using a greatly increased dataset (SOCATv2022) and determining fluxes using air-sea partial pressure differences as a climatological reference for the period 1980-2021. The resulting net flux for the open ocean region is estimated as -1.79 PgC yr-1 which compares well with other global mean flux estimates. While global flux results are consistent, differences in regional means and seasonal amplitudes are discussed. Consistent with other studies, we find the largest differences in the data-sparse southeast Pacific and Southern Ocean.

More than 3 million measurements of surface water partial pressure of CO2 obtained over the global oceans during 1968 to 2006 are listed in the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory database, which includes open ocean and coastal water measurements. The data assembled include only those measured by equilibrator CO2 analyzer systems and have been quality-controlled based on the stability of the system performance, the reliability of calibrations for CO2 analysis, and the internal consistency of data. Versions up to 2007 are included in this dataset

The ocean is a sink for ~25% of the atmospheric CO2 emitted by human activities, an amount in excess of 2 petagrams of carbon per year (PgC yr−1). Time-resolved estimates of global ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux provide an important constraint on the global carbon budget. However, previous estimates of this flux, derived from surface ocean CO2 concentrations, have not corrected the data for temperature gradients between the surface and sampling at a few meters depth, or for the effect of the cool ocean surface skin. Here we calculate a time history of ocean-atmosphere CO2 fluxes from 1992 to 2018, corrected for these effects. These increase the calculated net flux into the oceans significantly.

This dataset includes continuous sea surface measurements of pCO2, temperature, salinity and atmospheric pressure data during the R/V Marion-Dufresne cruise Clim-EPARSES (EXPOCODE 35MV20190405) in the Indian Ocean and Mozambique Channel from 2019-04-04 to 2019-04-30. The project Clim-EPARSES (PI, Aline Tribollet/LOCEAN-IPSL-IRD) aims at evaluating the impact of global change (warming, acidification) over the last decades on the coral reef ecosystems in the Eparses Islands (Scattered Islands). The project conducted in April 2019 onboard the R.V. Marion-Dufresne (TAAF) included underway sea surface observations of the ocean carbonate properties in the Mozambique Channel, around Eparses Islands and in the Indian Ocean.

This dataset consists of the co-located surface discrete fCO2 at 20 ˚C and underway fCO2 measurements at sea surface temperature (SST) for 21 cruises spanning the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Oceans and Gulf of Mexico from 1991-07-12 to 2020-04-15. In addition, calculated fCO2 from alkalinity (TA) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) are provided. The co-located discrete fCO2 at 20 ˚C and underway fCO2 measurements at SST are used to infer the temperature dependence of CO2. For the 21 cruises spanning the major ocean basins from 1992-2020 a temperature dependence of 4.13 ± 0.01 % ˚C-1 is determined in close agreement with a widely used previous empirical estimate of 4.23 ± 0.02 % ˚C-1 for North Atlantic surface water. No statistically significant dependence on temperature or inorganic carbon speciation of the surface water was discerned as dependency on these factors is weak and it was masked by a range of overlapping temperatures and chemical compositions. The temperature dependency of calculated fCO2 yield a dependency of 4.10 % ˚C-1 for 17 cruises where there are co-located measurements of fCO2, alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC).

This dataset includes Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) version 2, a synthesis product of the surface water fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) for the global oceans and coastal seas from 1968-11-16 to 2011-12-31. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is an international effort, supported by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), and the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research program (IMBER), to deliver a uniformly quality-controlled surface ocean CO2 database.

This dataset includes chemical, meteorological, optical, physical and surface underway data collected from ROGER REVELLE CLIVAR Cruise in the Indian Ocean and Southern Oceans (> 60 degrees South) from 2008-02-05 to 2008-03-14. These data include AIR TEMPERATURE, AIR-SEA DIFFERENCE - PARTIAL PRESSURE (OR FUGACITY) OF CARBON DIOXIDE, BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, FLUORESCENCE, Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide - atmosphere, Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide - water, SALINITY, SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE, WIND DIRECTION and WIND SPEED. The instruments used to collect these data include Barometric pressure sensor, Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer, Shower head chamber equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement and thermosalinographs. These data were collected by Rik Wanninkhof of NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) as part of the CLIVAR I06S_2008_Underway dataset. CDIAC associated the following cruise EXPOCODE with this dataset: 33RR20080204.

This dataset includes Surface underway data collected from CGC Healy in the North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and Arctic Ocean from 2016-06-30 to 2016-08-16. These data include barometric pressure, partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide - water, salinity and sea surface temperature. The instruments used to collect these data include Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyzer and shower head chamber equilibrator for autonomous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement. These data were collected by Stewart C. Sutherland and Taro Takahashi of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) and Colm Sweeney of NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) as part of the SOOP_Healy_Lines_2016 dataset.