Effects of exposure to fatty acids on the contraction and relaxation of aortic tissue (Figure 1 A-E) and the viability of the aortic tissue (Table 1). This dataset is associated with the following publication: Bass, V., S. Snow, J. Soukup, M. Schladweiler, A. Ghio, U. Kodavanti, and M. Madden. 12-Hydroxy Oleic Acid Impairs Endothelium Dependent Vasorelaxation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH - PART A: CURRENT ISSUES. Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA, 82(5): 383-386, (2020).

Figure 1. is Aortic Ring Responses Following 1hr Exposure with either 200µM OA, 12-OH-OA, or vehicle. Table 1. is Aortic Tissue Viability. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Bass, V., S. Snow, J. Soukup, M. Schladweiler, A. Ghio, U. Kodavanti, and M. Madden. 12-Hydroxy Oleic Acid Impairs Endothelium Dependent Vasorelaxation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH - PART A: CURRENT ISSUES. Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA, 82(5): 383-386, (2020).

Studies have linked exposure to ultrafine particulate matter (PM) and adverse cardiovascular events. Particulate matter-induced oxidative stress is believed to be a key mechanism underlying observed adverse vascular effects. Advanced age is one factor known to decrease anti-oxidant defenses and confer susceptibility to the detrimental vascular effects seen following PM exposure. The present study was designed to investigate the vasomotor responses following ultrafine PM exposure in wild type (WT) and superoxide dismutase 2 deficient (SOD2+/-) mice which possess decreased anti-oxidant defense. Thoracic aortic rings isolated from young and aged WT and SOD2+/- mice were exposed to ultrafine PM in a tissue bath system. Aortic rings were then constricted with increasing concentrations of phenylephrine, followed by relaxation with rising amounts of nitroglycerin (NTG). Data demonstrated that ultrafine PM decreased the relaxation response in both young WT and young SOD2+/- mouse aortas, and relaxation was significantly reduced in young SOD2+/- compared to WT mice. Ultrafine PM significantly diminished the NTG-induced relaxation response in aged compared to young mouse aortas. After ultrafine PM exposure, the relaxation response did not differ markedly between aged WT and aged SOD2+/- mice. Data demonstrate that the greater vascular effect in aortic rings in aged mice ex vivo after ultrafine PM exposure may be attributed to ultrafine PM-induced oxidative stress and loss of anti-oxidant defenses in aged vascular tissue. Consistent with this conclusion is the attenuation of NTG-induced relaxation response in young SOD2+/- mice. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Carter, J., N. Madamanchi , G. Stouffer, M. Runge, W. Cascio, and H. Tong. Ultrafine Particulate Matter Exposure Impairs Vasorelaxant Response in Superoxide Dismutase 2 Deficient Murine Aortic Rings. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH - PART A: CURRENT ISSUES. Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA, 81(5): 106-115, (2018).

Studies have linked exposure to ultrafine particulate matter (PM) and adverse cardiovascular events. Particulate matter-induced oxidative stress is believed to be a key mechanism underlying observed adverse vascular effects. Advanced age is one factor known to decrease anti-oxidant defenses and confer susceptibility to the detrimental vascular effects seen following PM exposure. The present study was designed to investigate the vasomotor responses following ultrafine PM exposure in wild type (WT) and superoxide dismutase 2 deficient (SOD2+/-) mice which possess decreased anti-oxidant defense. Thoracic aortic rings isolated from young and aged WT and SOD2+/- mice were exposed to ultrafine PM in a tissue bath system. Aortic rings were then constricted with increasing concentrations of phenylephrine, followed by relaxation with rising amounts of nitroglycerin (NTG). Data demonstrated that ultrafine PM decreased the relaxation response in both young WT and young SOD2+/- mouse aortas, and relaxation was significantly reduced in young SOD2+/- compared to WT mice. Ultrafine PM significantly diminished the NTG-induced relaxation response in aged compared to young mouse aortas. After ultrafine PM exposure, the relaxation response did not differ markedly between aged WT and aged SOD2+/- mice. Data demonstrate that the greater vascular effect in aortic rings in aged mice ex vivo after ultrafine PM exposure may be attributed to ultrafine PM-induced oxidative stress and loss of anti-oxidant defenses in aged vascular tissue. Consistent with this conclusion is the attenuation of NTG-induced relaxation response in young SOD2+/- mice. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Carter, J., N. Madamanchi , G. Stouffer, M. Runge, W. Cascio, and H. Tong. Ultrafine Particulate Matter Exposure Impairs Vasorelaxant Response in Superoxide Dismutase 2 Deficient Murine Aortic Rings. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH - PART A: CURRENT ISSUES. Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA, 81(5): 106-115, (2018).

Background Balloon injury (BI) of the rat carotid artery (CCA) is widely used to study intimal hyperplasia (IH) and decrease in lumen diameter (LD), but CCA's small diameter impedes the evaluation of endovascular therapies. Therefore, we validated BI in the aorta (AA) and iliac artery (CIA) to compare it with CCA. Methods Rats underwent BI or a sham procedure (control). Light microscopic evaluation was performed either directly or at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 16 weeks follow-up. The area of IH and the change in LD (LD at 16 weeks minus LD post BI) were compared. Results In the BI-groups the area of IH increased to 0.14 ± 0.08 mm2 (CCA), 0.14 ± 0.03 mm2 (CIA) and 0.12 ± 0.04 mm2 (AA) at 16 weeks (NS). The LD decreased with 0.49 ± 0.07 mm (CCA), compared to 0.22 ± 0.07 mm (CIA) and 0.07 ± 0.10 mm (AA) at 16 weeks (p < 0.05). The constrictive vascular remodelling (CVR = wall circumference loss combined with a decrease in LD) was -0.17 ± 0.05 mm in CIA but absent in CCA and AA. No IH, no decrease in LD and no CVR was seen in the control groups. Conclusions BI resulted in: (1.) a decrease in LD in CCA due to IH, (2.) a decrease in LD in CIA due to IH and CVR, (3.) no change in LD in AA, (4.) Comparable IH development in all arteries, (5.) CCA has no vasa vasorum compared to CIA and AA, (6.) The CIA model combines good access for 2 F endovascular catheters with a decrease in LD due to IH and CVR after BI.

Background A short-term study was carried out using guinea pigs to determine the effects of Curcuma domestica on lipid composition in the serum and aorta. Methods Animals were given food pellets containing 4% (w/w) powdered rhizome of C. domestica in order to determine its effect on cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid levels in the aorta and serum. The animals were fed either a cholesterol free diet or a high cholesterol diet (2% cholesterol, w/w, in food pellet) in order to induce hypercholesterolemia.. After five weeks of this diet treatment, blood and aorta were taken for biochemical analysis and histological studies. Results C. domestica in the diet showed no significant effect on the levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in the serum and aorta of the cholesterol free diet animals. However, addition of C. domestica to a high cholesterol diet counteracted increases in the levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in the aorta. Histology studies showed less cholesterol deposits in the aorta of high cholesterol diet animals given C. domestica compared to the high cholesterol diet animals not given C. domestica supplement. C. domestica also had a lowering effect on triglyceride level in the serum of high cholesterol diet animals but showed no effect on serum cholesterol and phospholipid levels. Conclusion This study has shown that dietary intake of C. domestica decreased all lipid composition levels in the aorta and also the serum triglyceride level. In addition, C. domestica also reduced cholesterol deposition in the aorta of high cholesterol diet animals.

Figure 1. Comparison of cell viability in response to exposure of cells to oleic acid (in ethanol), a hydroxy-metabolite, or methylated oleic acid as percent of the vehicle control response. Figure 2. Mitochondrial stress test extracellular flux using comparison of cellular oxygen consumption rate measures. Figure 3. Soluble mediator release comparison of cells exposed to oleic acid and its metabolites. Figure 4. Cellular iron-uptake following incubation with fatty acids. Supplement 2A. Lactate dehydrogenase activity release ( a measure of cell viability) is dose- and time-dependent. Supplement 2B. Oleic acid cellular association differs with vehicle utilized. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Bass, V., J. Soukup, A. Ghio, and M. Madden. Oleic Acid and Derivatives Affect Human Endothelial Mitochondrial Function Cell and Vasoactive Mediator Production. Lipids in Health and Disease. BioMed Central Ltd, London, UK, 19(1): 128, (2020).

Figure 1. Comparison of cell viability in response to exposure of cells to oleic acid (in ethanol), a hydroxy-metabolite, or methylated oleic acid as percent of the vehicle control response. Figure 2. Mitochondrial stress test extracellular flux using comparison of cellular oxygen consumption rate measures. Figure 3. Soluble mediator release comparison of cells exposed to oleic acid and its metabolites. Figure 4. Cellular iron-uptake following incubation with fatty acids. Supplement 2A. Lactate dehydrogenase activity release ( a measure of cell viability) is dose- and time-dependent. Supplement 2B. Oleic acid cellular association differs with vehicle utilized. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Bass, V., J. Soukup, A. Ghio, and M. Madden. Oleic Acid and Derivatives Affect Human Endothelial Mitochondrial Function Cell and Vasoactive Mediator Production. Lipids in Health and Disease. BioMed Central Ltd, London, UK, 19(1): 128, (2020).

Dataset for a study examining the cardiovascular effects from acute ozone exposure in rats fed with fish oil or olive oil diets. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Tong, H., S. Snow, M.C. Schladweiler, G. Carswell, B. Chorley, and U. Kodavanti. Fish Oil and Olive Oil-Enriched Diets Alleviate Acute Ozone-induced Cardiovascular Effects in Rats. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY. Academic Press Incorporated, Orlando, FL, USA, 409: 115296, (2020).

Treatment decisions related to disease prevention are often based on two conventional and related assumptions. First, an intervention-induced change in a surrogate marker (such as high-density lipoprotein [HDL]-cholesterol) in the desired direction translates into health benefits (such as reduction in coronary events). Second, it is unimportant which interventions are used to alter surrogate markers, since an intervention benefit is independent of the means by which it is achieved. The scientific foundation for these assumptions has been questioned. In this commentary, the appropriateness of relying on low levels of HDL-cholesterol for treatment decisions is reviewed. The Veterans Affairs - HDL-Cholesterol Intervention Trial (VA-HIT) investigators recently reported that only 23% of the gemfibrozil-induced relative reduction in risk of coronary events observed in the trial could be explained by changes in HDL-cholesterol between baseline and the 1-year visit. Thus, 77% of the health benefit to the participants was unexplained. Other possible explanations are that gemfibrozil has multiple mechanisms of action, disease manifestations are multifactorial, and laboratory measurements of HDL-cholesterol are imprecise. The wisdom of relying on levels and changes in surrogate markers such as HDL-cholesterol to make decisions about treatment choices should questioned. It seems better to rely on direct evidence of health benefits and to prescribe specific interventions that have been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity. Since extrapolations based on surrogate markers may not be in patients' best interest, the practice of medicine ought to be evidence-based.