The dataset (called PHC-V) comprises 3D gridded climatological fields of absolute geostrophic velocity of the Arctic Ocean inverted from the Polar science center Hydrographic Climatology (PHC) temperature and salinity fields (version 3.0) using the P-vector method. It provides climatological annual, seasonal, and monthly mean velocity fields with the same horizontal resolution (1 deg in horizontal, 33 levels in vertical), and dynamical compatibility to the PHC3.0 (T, S) fields.

This dataset contains annual mean geostrophic velocity calculated at depth corresponding to negative values of the marine geoid. It is calculated from two open sources from the geodetic (EIGEN-6C4) and oceanographic (NCEI) communities. The first source EIGEN-6C4 is a static global combined gravity field model developed by GFZ Potsdam and GRGS Toulouse up to degree and order 2190. The second source is the “World ocean geostrophic velocity inverted from World Ocean Atlas 2013 with the P-vector method” (NCEI accession 0121576). With the given non-positive values of the geoid, N, (i.e., for the oceans), the absolute geostrophic currents (u, v) are easily identified on N with 1 degree resolution from the second dataset except the equatorial zone (5oS – 5oN) due to the non-existence of the geostrophic balance. Altogether, the dataset contains 15,481 (u, v) data pairs. While there is no geostrophic motion at the surface if it coincided with the geoid, the opposite is not valid. This dataset shows that ocean geostrophic velocity doesn't zero at z=N. Data are in netcdf format.

The dataset (called EWG-V) comprises 3D gridded climatological fields of absolute geostrophic velocity inverted from the Environmental Working Group (EWG) Joint U.S.-Russian Atlas of the Arctic Ocean using the P-vector method. It provides a climatological velocity field that is dynamically compatible to the EWG (T, S) fields. The EWG-V velocity fields have the annual, and seasonal (winter and summer) means with the same horizontal resolution of 25 km and 90 vertical levels as the EWG temperature and salinity fields.

The SMG-WOD-V dataset comprises synoptic monthly global gridded fields of absolute geostrophic velocity inverted from the synoptic monthly gridded WOD temperature and salinity fields (NCEI Accession 0140938) using the P-vector method. It provides monthly varying velocity field that is dynamically compatible to the SMG-WOD (T, S) fields. The SMG-WOD-V has the same spatial resolution and temporal variation as the SMG-WOD (T, S) fields, but does not cover the equatorial zone (5oS – 5oN) due to the geostrophic balance being the theoretical basis for the P-vector inverse method.

World Ocean Atlas 2013 (WOA13) is a set of objectively analyzed (1 degree grid and 1/4 degree grid) climatological fields of in situ temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, percent oxygen saturation, phosphate, silicate, and nitrate at standard depth levels for annual, seasonal, and monthly compositing periods for the World Ocean. 1/4 degree fields are for temperature and salinity only. It also includes associated statistical fields of observed oceanographic profile data interpolated to standard depth levels on 1/4 degree, 1 degree, and 5 degree grids. Temperature and salinity fields are available for six decades (1955-1964, 1965-1974, 1975-1984, 1985-1994, 1995-2004, and 2005-2012) and an average of all decades representing the period 1955-2012. Nutrient and oxygen fields are available using all quality controlled data for the entire sampling period 1878-2012.

The synoptic gridded WOD (SG-WOD) provides 3D world ocean gridded temperature and salinity data in monthly increment from WOD profiles using the Optimal Spectral Decomposition (OSD). The SG-WOD data has the same spatial resolution as WOA2009 (T, S) fields.

This dataset contains monthly-averaged ocean velocity interpolated to a regular 0.5-degree grid from the ECCO Version 4 revision 4 (V4r4) ocean and sea-ice state estimate. Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) ocean and sea-ice state estimates are dynamically and kinematically-consistent reconstructions of the three-dimensional, time-evolving ocean, sea-ice, and surface atmospheric states. ECCO V4r4 is a free-running solution of the 1-degree global configuration of the MIT general circulation model (MITgcm) that has been fit to observations in a least-squares sense. Observational data constraints used in V4r4 include sea surface height (SSH) from satellite altimeters [ERS-1/2, TOPEX/Poseidon, GFO, ENVISAT, Jason-1,2,3, CryoSat-2, and SARAL/AltiKa]; sea surface temperature (SST) from satellite radiometers [AVHRR], sea surface salinity (SSS) from the Aquarius satellite radiometer/scatterometer, ocean bottom pressure (OBP) from the GRACE satellite gravimeter; sea ice concentration from satellite radiometers [SSM/I and SSMIS], and in-situ ocean temperature and salinity measured with conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) sensors and expendable bathythermographs (XBTs) from several programs [e.g., WOCE, GO-SHIP, Argo, and others] and platforms [e.g.,research vessels, gliders, moorings, ice-tethered profilers, and instrumented pinnipeds]. V4r4 covers the period 1992-01-01T12:00:00 to 2018-01-01T00:00:00.

The World Ocean Atlas 2023 (WOA23) climate normals of temperature and salinity are a set of objectively analyzed (one degree grid and quarter degree grid) climatological fields of in situ temperature and salinity at standard depth levels for annual, seasonal, and monthly compositing periods for the World Ocean over the 1991-2020 time period. Additionally, the WOA23 climate normals of temperature and salinity include associated statistical fields of observed oceanographic profile data interpolated to standard depth levels on quarter degree and one degree grids. The temperature and salinity 1991-2020 climate normal fields are an average of the 1991-2000, 2001-2010, and 2011-2020 decadal climatologies. This accession is a product generated by the National Centers for Environmental Information's (NCEI) Ocean Climate Laboratory Team. The analyses are derived from the NCEI World Ocean Database. The temperature and salinity climate normals were the first fields released as part of the World Ocean Atlas 2023 on October 18, 2022.

This dataset contains cruise reports and XBT data from the R/V KAIREI, cruise KR16-14, in the Southern Mariana Forearc. This dataset is U.S. State Department MSR U2016-009 as part of the World Data Services for Geophysics and Oceanography. Cruise reports are in PDF. Cruise data are available from the JAMSTEC DARWIN portal (see the Documentation).

This dataset contains daily-averaged ocean velocity interpolated to a regular 0.5-degree grid from the ECCO Version 4 revision 4 (V4r4) ocean and sea-ice state estimate. Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) ocean and sea-ice state estimates are dynamically and kinematically-consistent reconstructions of the three-dimensional, time-evolving ocean, sea-ice, and surface atmospheric states. ECCO V4r4 is a free-running solution of the 1-degree global configuration of the MIT general circulation model (MITgcm) that has been fit to observations in a least-squares sense. Observational data constraints used in V4r4 include sea surface height (SSH) from satellite altimeters [ERS-1/2, TOPEX/Poseidon, GFO, ENVISAT, Jason-1,2,3, CryoSat-2, and SARAL/AltiKa]; sea surface temperature (SST) from satellite radiometers [AVHRR], sea surface salinity (SSS) from the Aquarius satellite radiometer/scatterometer, ocean bottom pressure (OBP) from the GRACE satellite gravimeter; sea ice concentration from satellite radiometers [SSM/I and SSMIS], and in-situ ocean temperature and salinity measured with conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) sensors and expendable bathythermographs (XBTs) from several programs [e.g., WOCE, GO-SHIP, Argo, and others] and platforms [e.g.,research vessels, gliders, moorings, ice-tethered profilers, and instrumented pinnipeds]. V4r4 covers the period 1992-01-01T12:00:00 to 2018-01-01T00:00:00.