This dataset contains an inventory of landslides in many of the most landslide-prone parts of Minnesota. This project was created to improve our understanding of the landslide hazard in Minnesota and to provide a nearly statewide base map of landslide data. The mapping was performed by geologists from the U.S. Geological Survey, the Freshwater Society, and several academic institutions where undergraduate students, graduate students and faculty performed mapping. Contributing academic institution include the University of Minnesota Duluth, the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, the University of Wisconsin-Superior, Gustavus Adolphus College, Winona State University, Minnesota State University, Mankato, St. Thomas University, and North Dakota State University. These landslides were identified using several methods. These include analysis of historical records, direct field observation, location using satellite or aerial imagery, and identification in topographic data products derived from the statewide lidar data coverage. Most of the mapped landslides were identified using lidar derivatives and have not been evaluated in the field by geologists or engineers. These data should be considered a preliminary survey and are not intended to represent a complete and accurate inventory of landslides for these areas. There may be a range in the accuracy, detail, and completeness with which landslides are mapped, and in the information associated with a given landslide; however, all mapped landslides were reviewed by USGS personnel and the senior project members. Mapping procedures including the assignment of numerical values for confidence follow guidelines found in DOGAMI Special Paper 42: https://www.oregongeology.org/pubs/sp/p-SP-42.htm. Site-specific investigations should be completed before using these data for land development or management decisions. This Data Release consists of: 1) Minnesota_Landslides_v1_1.gdb.zip which contains the landslide inventory mapping data and the areas that were mapped, to be used in a GIS, 2) Minnesota_Landslides_v1_3.sd which is an ESRI service layer definition file that enables use of the data in online and offline GIS, 3) MN_Landslide_Photos.zip that contains a collection of geotagged photos showing landslides; these can be imported into a GIS, and 4) metadata.xml which contains metadata for all included files. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Landslides are damaging and deadly, and they occur in every U.S. state. However, our current ability to understand landslide hazards at the national scale is limited, in part because spatial data on landslide occurrence across the U.S. varies greatly in quality, accessibility, and extent. Landslide inventories are typically collected and maintained by different agencies and institutions, usually within specific jurisdictional boundaries, and often with varied objectives and information attributes or even in disparate formats. The purpose of this data release is to provide an openly accessible, centralized map of existing information on landslide occurrence across the entire U.S. The data release includes digital inventories created by both USGS and non-USGS authors. It provides an integrated database of all the landslides with a selection of uniform attributes, but also includes links to the original digital inventory files (whenever available). Given the wide range of landslide information sources in this data compilation, we also provide an attribute to assess the relative confidence in the characterization of the location and extent of each landslide. Further details about each landslide and more recent information (when it exists) can be accessed by clicking the “more information” attribute link to the original source information. This database will be updated intermittently and was most recently updated in March 2019. Please contact gs-haz_landslides_inventory@usgs.gov for more information on how to contribute additional inventories to this community effort.

Landslides are damaging and deadly, and they occur in every U.S. state. However, our current ability to understand landslide hazards at the national scale is limited, in part because spatial data on landslide occurrence across the U.S. varies greatly in quality, accessibility, and extent. Landslide inventories are typically collected and maintained by different agencies and institutions, usually within specific jurisdictional boundaries, and often with varied objectives and information attributes or even in disparate formats. The purpose of this data release is to provide an openly accessible, centralized map of existing information on landslide occurrence across the entire U.S. The data release includes digital inventories created by both USGS and non-USGS authors. It provides an integrated database of all the landslides with a selection of uniform attributes, but also includes links to the original digital inventory files (whenever available). Given the wide range of landslide information sources in this data compilation, we also provide an attribute to assess the relative confidence in the characterization of the location and extent of each landslide. Further details about each landslide and more recent information (when it exists) can be accessed by clicking the “more information” attribute link to the original source information. This database will be updated intermittently and was most recently updated in March 2019. Please contact gs-haz_landslides_inventory@usgs.gov for more information on how to contribute additional inventories to this community effort.

Landslides are damaging and deadly, and they occur in every U.S. state. However, our current ability to understand landslide hazards at the national scale is limited, in part because spatial data on landslide occurrence across the U.S. varies greatly in quality, accessibility, and extent. Landslide inventories are typically collected and maintained by different agencies and institutions, usually within specific jurisdictional boundaries, and often with varied objectives and information attributes or even in disparate formats. The purpose of this data release is to provide an openly accessible, centralized map of existing information on landslide occurrence across the entire U.S. The data release includes digital inventories created by both USGS and non-USGS authors. It provides an integrated database of all the landslides with a selection of uniform attributes, but also includes links to the original digital inventory files (whenever available). Given the wide range of landslide information sources in this data compilation, we also provide an attribute to assess the relative confidence in the characterization of the location and extent of each landslide. The confidence level reflects the resolution and quality of input data, as well as the method used for identification and mapping of each landslide. We include a classification attribute for polygons to differentiate between individually mapped landslides and features that are evidence of landsliding. Such evidence may include landslide complexes, Quaternary landslide deposits, alluvial fans, unstable slopes, landslide impacts, and other evidence indicative of landslide occurrence. Further details about each landslide and more recent information (when it exists) can be accessed by clicking the “InventoryURL” attribute link to the original source information. Relative to the initial data release (version 1), this update (version 2) includes more inventories, updated confidence rules, and a new classification attribute. This database will be updated intermittently using the version 2 doi, and was most recently updated in March 2022. Please contact gs-haz_landslides_inventory@usgs.gov for more information on how to contribute additional inventories to this community effort.

This inventory was originally created by Harp and others (1984) describing the landslides triggered by a sequence of earthquakes, with the largest being the M 6.5 Mammoth Lakes, California earthquake that occurred on 25 May 1980 at 19:44:50 UTC. Care should be taken when comparing with other inventories because different authors use different mapping techniques. This inventory includes landslides triggered by a sequence of earthquakes rather than a single mainshock. Please check the author methods summary and the original data source for more information on these details and to confirm the viability of this inventory for your specific use. With the exception of the data from USGS sources, the inventory data and associated metadata were not acquired by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and thus have not been reviewed for accuracy and completeness by the USGS. They are presented as part of this data series for convenience of the user only, as part of an effort to make published ground-failure inventories more accessible from a single aggregated site. No warranty, expressed or implied, is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.

This inventory was originally created by Harp and others (1984) describing the landslides triggered by a sequence of earthquakes, with the largest being the M 6.5 Mammoth Lakes, California earthquake that occurred on 25 May 1980 at 19:44:50 UTC. Care should be taken when comparing with other inventories because different authors use different mapping techniques. This inventory includes landslides triggered by a sequence of earthquakes rather than a single mainshock. Please check the author methods summary and the original data source for more information on these details and to confirm the viability of this inventory for your specific use. With the exception of the data from USGS sources, the inventory data and associated metadata were not acquired by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and thus have not been reviewed for accuracy and completeness by the USGS. They are presented as part of this data series for convenience of the user only, as part of an effort to make published ground-failure inventories more accessible from a single aggregated site. No warranty, expressed or implied, is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.

We present a preliminary point inventory of landslides triggered by Hurricane Helene, which impacted southern Appalachia between September 25–27, 2024. This inventory is a result of a rapid response mapping effort led by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Landslide Assessments, Situational Awareness, and Event Response Research (LASER) project. LASER collaborated with state surveys and landslide researchers to identify landslides and their impacts for situational awareness and emergency response. The area of interest (AOI) for this effort was informed by a preliminary landslide hazard map created for the event (Martinez et al., 2024), and encompasses western North Carolina as well as parts of Tennessee, Virginia, Georgia, and South Carolina. This point inventory contains the following attributes: ‘Source’ and ‘Impact’. The ‘Source’ attribute identifies the data source(s) used to map each landslide. Note that the data sources listed in this attribute refer only to those used for mapping a given landslide; this does not imply that the landslide is absent or undocumented in other unlisted sources. We do not provide any specific information or metadata (e.g., footprint ID, imagery date, hyperlinks, etc.) for the listed source(s) used to map a landslide. The sources used for mapping landslides in this inventory are listed in Table 1. We relied heavily on Sentinel-2 satellite data during the mapping phase and exclusively during the review phase. While Sentinel-2 has a lower spatial resolution (10m) compared to other satellite and aerial sources (ranging from 0.15 to 3m), it is the only dataset with complete mapping AOI coverage and pre- and post-event multi-spectral imagery. The primary Sentinel-2 images used were acquired on August 26, 2024, and September 22, 2024 (pre-event), as well as October 2, 5, 7, 10, and 12, 2024 (post-event). To assist in rapid landslide detection, we derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) change products using various combinations of the pre- and post-event Sentinel-2 data. NDVI change analysis was instrumental in identifying areas where vegetation loss or damage occurred, thus helping to pinpoint potential landslide activity in this heavily vegetated region. Additionally, red-green-blue (RGB) composite imagery from both pre- and post-event acquisitions was used to validate that NDVI changes were indeed indicative of landslides. Details on these data sources and analysis methods area can be found in Burgi et al. (2024). The data sources listed in the ‘Source’ attribute listed in alphabetical order. The ‘Impact’ attribute indicates the primary impact of a landslide. The options for the impact attribute are listed in Table 2. A landslide is deemed to have an impact if it appears to intersect with river(s) (including streams and creeks), road(s), building(s), or other human-modified land or infrastructure (e.g., bridges, railroads, powerlines, trails, agricultural fields, lawns, etc.) Impact was determined to the best of a mapper’s ability with the available data and at the time that the imagery was acquired. Many landslides had multiple impacts; however, in most cases, a primary impact could be identified. For example, many landslides appeared to severely impact a road and continue to fail into a nearby river, with no visible impact on the river. In this case, the primary impact would be “road”. If a landslide appeared to have multiple and equally significant impacts, it was classified as “various”. We do not report the number of impacts; for example, a landslide with a “building” Impact may have impacted more than one building. Emergency response landslide mapping efforts took place between September 28 to October 23, 2024. All landslides were mapped with a single point, irrespective of size or impact. Given the urgency of providing situational awareness for emergency response, landslide points were placed at the location of greatest visible impact, such as buildings, roads, and rivers, rather

We present a preliminary point inventory of landslides triggered by Hurricane Helene, which impacted southern Appalachia between September 25–27, 2024. This inventory is a result of a rapid response mapping effort led by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Landslide Assessments, Situational Awareness, and Event Response Research (LASER) project. LASER collaborated with state surveys and landslide researchers to identify landslides and their impacts for situational awareness and emergency response. The area of interest (AOI) for this effort was informed by a preliminary landslide hazard map created for the event (Martinez et al., 2024), and encompasses western North Carolina as well as parts of Tennessee, Virginia, Georgia, and South Carolina. This point inventory contains the following attributes: ‘Source’ and ‘Impact’. The ‘Source’ attribute identifies the data source(s) used to map each landslide. Note that the data sources listed in this attribute refer only to those used for mapping a given landslide; this does not imply that the landslide is absent or undocumented in other unlisted sources. We do not provide any specific information or metadata (e.g., footprint ID, imagery date, hyperlinks, etc.) for the listed source(s) used to map a landslide. The sources used for mapping landslides in this inventory are listed in Table 1. We relied heavily on Sentinel-2 satellite data during the mapping phase and exclusively during the review phase. While Sentinel-2 has a lower spatial resolution (10m) compared to other satellite and aerial sources (ranging from 0.15 to 3m), it is the only dataset with complete mapping AOI coverage and pre- and post-event multi-spectral imagery. The primary Sentinel-2 images used were acquired on August 26, 2024, and September 22, 2024 (pre-event), as well as October 2, 5, 7, 10, and 12, 2024 (post-event). To assist in rapid landslide detection, we derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) change products using various combinations of the pre- and post-event Sentinel-2 data. NDVI change analysis was instrumental in identifying areas where vegetation loss or damage occurred, thus helping to pinpoint potential landslide activity in this heavily vegetated region. Additionally, red-green-blue (RGB) composite imagery from both pre- and post-event acquisitions was used to validate that NDVI changes were indeed indicative of landslides. Details on these data sources and analysis methods area can be found in Burgi et al. (2024). The data sources listed in the ‘Source’ attribute listed in alphabetical order. The ‘Impact’ attribute indicates the primary impact of a landslide. The options for the impact attribute are listed in Table 2. A landslide is deemed to have an impact if it appears to intersect with river(s) (including streams and creeks), road(s), building(s), or other human-modified land or infrastructure (e.g., bridges, railroads, powerlines, trails, agricultural fields, lawns, etc.) Impact was determined to the best of a mapper’s ability with the available data and at the time that the imagery was acquired. Many landslides had multiple impacts; however, in most cases, a primary impact could be identified. For example, many landslides appeared to severely impact a road and continue to fail into a nearby river, with no visible impact on the river. In this case, the primary impact would be “road”. If a landslide appeared to have multiple and equally significant impacts, it was classified as “various”. We do not report the number of impacts; for example, a landslide with a “building” Impact may have impacted more than one building. Emergency response landslide mapping efforts took place between September 28 to October 23, 2024. All landslides were mapped with a single point, irrespective of size or impact. Given the urgency of providing situational awareness for emergency response, landslide points were placed at the location of greatest visible impact, such as buildings, roads, and rivers, rather

Landslide susceptibility modeling results as vector shapefile data offering a broad assessment of landslide hazards across five regions of Minnesota, USA. Data was created as part of an investigation to understand the link between a previously mapped landslide inventory, various environmental variables, and post-glacial landscape development through multivariate logistic regression analyses.

1. Abstract Landslides are damaging and deadly, and they occur in every U.S. state. However, our current ability to understand landslide hazards at the national scale is limited, in part because spatial data on landslide occurrence across the U.S. varies greatly in quality, accessibility, and extent. Landslide inventories are typically collected and maintained by different agencies and institutions, usually within specific jurisdictional boundaries, and often with varied objectives and information attributes or even in disparate formats. The purpose of this data release is to provide an openly accessible, centralized map of existing information about landslide occurrence across the entire U.S. This data release is an update of previous versions 1 (Jones and others, 2019) and 2 (Belair and others, 2022). Changes relative to version 2 are summarized in us_ls_v3_changes.txt. It provides an integrated database of the landslides from these inventories (refer to US_Landslide_v3_gpkg) with a selection of uniform attributes, including links to the original digital inventory files (whenever available) (“Inv_URL”). The data release includes digital inventories created by both USGS and non-USGS authors. The original inventory is denoted by an abbreviation in the “Inventory” attribute. The full citation for each abbreviation can be found in us_ls_v3_references.csv. The date of the landslide event is included as a minimum and maximum (“Date_Min” and “Date_Max”) to accommodate events that happen within a range of dates. The date value is inherently difficult to interpret or discern due to the nature of landsliding, where some landslides move for long periods of time or move intermittently, and some areas can exhibit multiple landslide events. To preserve the constituent inventories as much as possible, we include all entries even if they are not considered landslides, such as “gullies” or “avalanche chutes.” We include a landslide type attribute when that information is available (“LS_Type”). The landslide classification system used in the original inventories is not always known or stated in the metadata, but many mapping entities use the schema from Cruden and Varnes (1996) or the updated schema from Hungr and others (2014). Given the wide range of landslide information sources in this data compilation, we provide an attribute to assess the relative confidence in the characterization of the location and extent of each landslide (entry) (“Confidence”). The confidence level reflects the resolution and quality of input data, as well as the method used for identification and mapping. This confidence does not reflect a formal accuracy assessment of field attributes. Relative to the previous data releases (version 1 and 2), this update (v3) includes more inventories, updated confidence rules, a new landslide type attribute, a new unique identifier (“USGS_ID”), new machine-readable date fields, and an ancillary database containing all fields from the original inventories (refer to US_Landslide_v3_ancillary). Please contact gs-haz_landslides_inventory@usgs.gov for more information on how to contribute additional inventories to this community effort. When possible, please cite the constituent inventories as well as this data release. This data release includes: (1) a landslide point file and polygon file in multiple forms (US_Landslide_v3_gpkg, US_Landslide_v3_shp, US_Landslide_v3_csv), (2) an ancillary database with original fields (US_Landslide_v3_ancillary), (3) a spreadsheet that summarizes the confidence rules, their justification, and any extra analyses (us_ls_v3_analyses.csv), (4) a summary file of the changes made between version 2 and version 3 (us_ls_v3_changes.txt), (5) a file containing the references of the constituent inventories (us_ls_v3_references.csv), (6) and a readme (README.txt). Disclaimer: Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 2. Data