Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) flights were conducted over the headwaters of the South Fork of Brackett Creek in the Bridger Mountains of SW Montana during the winter of 2020. The flights collected overlapping imagery focused on a steep mountain couloir study site known locally as "the Hourglass." Structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry was used to process the collected imagery and create digital surface models (DSMs) of the landscape on 13 field days. The data was collected between January 7, 2020 and July 8, 2020 and includes 12 snow-on models as well as 1 snow-free model. The snow-on DSMs represent snow depths calculated using DSM-differencing techniques (subtraction of snow-free surface from snow-on surface). Other files include a shapefile of study locations and csv files of data used in analyses described in the associated manuscript.

This dataset consists of Digital Surface Models (DSMs) derived from UAV-LiDAR acquired during the SnowEx 2021 field campaign at the Central Agricultural Research Center in central Montana (USA). The DSMs are at 0.3 m resolution and consist of one snow-off and seven snow-on flights.

This repository contains a suite of digital elevation models (DEMs), derived from aerial or satellite imagery, covering glacier and proglacial areas on Mount Rainier between 1960 and 2017. Data are available for the Emmons, Winthrop, Nisqually, and South Tahoma Glaciers and their associated proglacial areas. These data were used in Anderson and Shean (2021) to calculate DEMs of Difference (DoDs) and assess topographic change in these proglacial settings. Aerial lidar datasets used in that analysis are available through the Washington Department of Natural Resources lidar repository (https://lidarportal.dnr.wa.gov/). The DEMs stored here have been coregistered to the 2008 Mount Rainier aerial lidar dataset. Differencing of sequential DEMs will exactly reproduce DoDs used in Anderson and Shean (2021); shapefiles defining exact areas of analysis used to generate final change volumes are also available in a separate child item of this repository. DEMs are separated by glacier/basin and year, indicated in the file name. In several instances, the Winthrop and Emmons study areas contained continuous overlapping photos and were processed together. Each zip file includes a DEM in TIF format with associated supporting files. Zip files for DEMs generated using Agisoft Photoscan (all except the 2017 DEMs) also include a processing report that summarizes imagery and ground control inputs as well as processing parameters used in their generation. Imagery source information: The majority of the aerial imagery used to derive these DEMs was collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and later scanned and publicly archived by Nolan et al. (2017). Images are available at doi:10.18739/A21R9G. Imagery from 1951 and 1961 are available through the USGS EarthExplorer repository (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/). Imagery of the Emmons and Nisqually from 2005 were collected by the National Park Service and scanned from negatives for this project. Imagery of South Tahoma Glacier from 1960 were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey; print images held at Mount Rainier National Park were scanned for this project.

,Detailed hydrometeorological data from the mountain rain-to-snow transition zone are present for water years 2004 through 2014. The Johnston Draw watershed (1.8 km2), ranging from 1497 – 1869 m in elevation, is a sub-watershed of the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW) in southwestern Idaho. The dataset includes continuous hourly hydrometeorological variables across a 372 m elevation gradient, on north- and south-facing slopes, including air temperature, relative humidity and snow depth from 11 sites in the watershed. Hourly measurements of solar radiation, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and soil moisture and temperature are available at selected stations. The dataset includes hourly stream discharge measured at the watershed outlet. These data provide the scientific community with a unique dataset useful for forcing and validating models in interdisciplinary studies and will allow for better representation and understanding of the complex processes that occur in the rain-to-snow transition zone.,This version of the data set fixes errors in all data files and supersedes the earlier datasets https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1258769 and https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1245163.,See the file inventory included with this dataset for more information on individual data files.,For more information about this dataset contact: Clarissa L. Enslin: enslclar@gmail.com Sarah Godsey: godsey@isu.edu Danny G. Marks: ars.danny@gmail.com,

This data release contains historical SnowModel (Liston and Elder, 2006) output for the Crown of the Continent and surrounding areas in Montana, USA; and Alberta and British Columbia, Canada from September 1, 1981 through August 31, 2020. Fifteen daily variables were simulated or derived for this release: (1) snow water equivalent (swed), (2) liquid precipitation (rpre), (3) solid precipitation (spre), (4) albedo (albd), (5) glacial ice melt (glmt), (6) total precipitation (prec), (7) runoff (roff), (8) snow covered area (sca), (9) snow density (sden), (10) snowmelt (smlt), (11) snow depth (snod), (12) snow sublimation (ssub), (13) air temperature (tair), (14) wind speed (wspd), and (15) wind direction (wdir). The simulation used to produce these outputs was conducted on a 30 m geospatial grid and was forced using meteorology from a recently completed (2023) 4 kilometer reanalysis product using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model covering the conterminous United States (CONUS404, Rasmussen and others, 2023a; 2023b). Land cover information for the simulation was provided by the 2016 National Land Cover Database (Jin and others, 2019) and 30 m elevation information was provided by the National Elevation Dataset (Gesch and others, 2018).

This data release contains historical SnowModel (Liston and Elder, 2006) output for the Crown of the Continent and surrounding areas in Montana and Idaho, USA; and Alberta and British Columbia, Canada from September 1, 1981 through August 31, 2020. Fifteen daily variables were simulated or derived for this release: (1) snow water equivalent (swed), (2) liquid precipitation (rpre), (3) solid precipitation (spre), (4) albedo (albd), (5) glacial ice melt (glmt), (6) total precipitation (prec), (7) runoff (roff), (8) snow covered area (sca), (9) snow density (sden), (10) snowmelt (smlt), (11) snow depth (snod), (12) snow sublimation (ssub), (13) air temperature (tair), (14) wind speed (wspd), and (15) wind direction (wdir). Daily variables were also summarized to monthly means or sum, and daily swed was also summarized to annual peak swed. Monthly summaries were further summarized to U.S. Geological Survey 12-digit Hydrologic Units. The simulation used to produce these outputs was conducted on a 90 m geospatial grid and was forced using meteorology from a recently completed (2023) 4 kilometer reanalysis product using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model covering the conterminous United States (CONUS404, Rasmussen and others, 2023a; 2023b). Land cover information for the simulation was provided by the 2016 National Land Cover Database (Jin and others, 2019) and 90 m elevation information was provided by the National Elevation Dataset (Gesch and others, 2018).

This data release contains historical SnowModel (Liston and Elder, 2006) output for the Crown of the Continent and surrounding areas in Montana and Idaho, USA; and Alberta and British Columbia, Canada from September 1, 1981 through August 31, 2020. Fifteen daily variables were simulated or derived for this release: (1) snow water equivalent (swed), (2) liquid precipitation (rpre), (3) solid precipitation (spre), (4) albedo (albd), (5) glacial ice melt (glmt), (6) total precipitation (prec), (7) runoff (roff), (8) snow covered area (sca), (9) snow density (sden), (10) snowmelt (smlt), (11) snow depth (snod), (12) snow sublimation (ssub), (13) air temperature (tair), (14) wind speed (wspd), and (15) wind direction (wdir). Daily variables were also summarized to monthly means or sum, and daily swed was also summarized to annual peak swed. Monthly summaries were further summarized to U.S. Geological Survey 12-digit Hydrologic Units. The simulation used to produce these outputs was conducted on a 90 m geospatial grid and was forced using meteorology from a recently completed (2023) 4 kilometer reanalysis product using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model covering the conterminous United States (CONUS404, Rasmussen and others, 2023a; 2023b). Land cover information for the simulation was provided by the 2016 National Land Cover Database (Jin and others, 2019) and 90 m elevation information was provided by the National Elevation Dataset (Gesch and others, 2018).

This data release contains historical SnowModel (Liston and Elder, 2006) output for the Crown of the Continent and surrounding areas in Montana and Idaho, USA; and Alberta and British Columbia, Canada from September 1, 1981 through August 31, 2020. Fifteen daily variables were simulated or derived for this release: (1) snow water equivalent (swed), (2) liquid precipitation (rpre), (3) solid precipitation (spre), (4) albedo (albd), (5) glacial ice melt (glmt), (6) total precipitation (prec), (7) runoff (roff), (8) snow covered area (sca), (9) snow density (sden), (10) snowmelt (smlt), (11) snow depth (snod), (12) snow sublimation (ssub), (13) air temperature (tair), (14) wind speed (wspd), and (15) wind direction (wdir). Daily variables were also summarized to monthly means or sums, and daily swed was also summarized to annual peak swed. Monthly summaries were further summarized to U.S. Geological Survey 12-digit Hydrologic Units. The simulation used to produce these outputs was conducted on a 90 m geospatial grid and was forced using meteorology from a recently completed (2023) 4 kilometer reanalysis product using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model covering the conterminous United States (CONUS404, Rasmussen and others, 2023a; 2023b). Land cover information for the simulation was provided by the 2016 National Land Cover Database (Jin and others, 2019) and 90 m elevation information was provided by the National Elevation Dataset (Gesch and others, 2018).

This data release contains output from a numerical snow simulation for a 65 kilometer (km) × 81 km model domain in parts of Montana and Wyoming, United States, encompassing the Gallatin River watershed upstream of the U.S. Geological Survey streamgage near Gallatin Gateway, MT (06043500). Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model convection-permitting and orography-resolving regional climate simulations with 4-km horizontal resolution provided the atmospheric forcing conditions to SnowModel in both a historical and future climate scenario. Two continuous, 13-water-year (2001-2013) WRF model simulations were utilized: (1) a historical climate control (CTL) simulation forced using ERA-Interim reanalysis, and (2) a future climate simulation using the pseudo-global-warming (PGW) method that uses the ERA-Interim reanalysis for the same period as (1) and adds an ensemble mean climate delta from the end of the century (2071-2100) for the most extreme 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. The ten SnowModel simulated outputs provided in this data release include (1) air temperature (tair), (2) precipitation (prec), (3) solid precipitation (spre), (4) liquid precipitation (rpre), (5) liquid water supplied to the soil-snow interface from snowmelt (smlt), (6) snow sublimination (ssub), (7) liquid water supplied to the soil-snow or soil-air interface either from snowmelt or rainfall (roff), (8) snow depth (snod), (9) snow water equivalent depth (swed), and (10) snow density (sden). The simulations used to produce these outputs were conducted on a 30-m geospatial grid. Land cover information for the simulation was provided by the 2010 North American Land Change Monitoring System and elevation information was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey National Elevation Dataset. The historical (CTL) and future climate (PGW) simulations were conducted using annual precipitation bias correction surfaces (prec_cf), which were computed by comparing SnowModel-simulated CTL snow water equivalent to Natural Resources Conservation Service snow telemetry station (SNOTEL) observations to generate a precipitation correction that was interpolated using SnowModel.

This data set contains digital terrain models (DTMs) derived from terrestrial lidar scans (TLS) collected as part of the SnowEx 2023 campaign. Data were collected at the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest near Fairbanks, Alaska in October 2022 (snow-off conditions) and March 2023 (snow-on conditions). The DTMs are provided as Geographic Tagged Image (GeoTIFF) files, where each file corresponds to a unique survey site. Unprocessed point cloud data from which these DTMs were derived are available as the SnowEx23 Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest Terrestrial Lidar Scans Raw, Version 1 (SNEX23_BCEF_TLS_Raw) data set