,Weather, snow, stream, topographic, and vegetation data are presented from the South Mountain Experimental Catchments from water years 2007-2013 (10-1-2007 to 9-30-2013). The data provide detailed information on the weather and hydrologic response for four highly instrumented catchments in the late stages of woodland encroachment. Hourly data from six meteorologic stations and four weirs have been carefully processed and quality checked, are serially complete, and ideal for hydrologic, ecosystem, and biogeochemical modeling. Topographic and vegetation data, as well as stream and drainage area delineations are Lidar-derived. This study site was established in 2007 as a collaborative, long-term research laboratory to address the impacts of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook) encroachment and treatments in the interior Great Basin region of the western USA.,For more information about this dataset, contact: Patrick R. Kormos: patrick.kormos@ars.usda.gov Danny G. Marks: ars.danny@gmail.com,

This dataset provides maps of rain-on-snow (ROS) events across Alaska for the individual months of November to March 2002-2011 and November to March 2012-2016, and annual water year summary maps for 2003-2011 and 2013-2016. ROS events were defined as changes in passive microwave (PM) detection in surface snow wetness and isothermal states induced by atmospheric processes often associated with winter rainfall. The data are summations of the number of days with ROS events per pixel at 6-km spatial resolution per month or per 5-month water year. The daily ROS record encompassed the months when snowmelt from solar irradiance is minimal and snow cover is widespread and relatively consistent throughout the region. Daily ROS geospatial classification across Alaska was derived by combining snow cover and daily microwave brightness temperature retrievals sensitive to landscape freeze-thaw dynamics from overlapping (1) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MOD10A2 eight-day maximum snow cover extent (SCE) product and (2) Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) (2002-2011) and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) (2012-to present) Microwave Radiation Imager (MWRI) observations at 19 GHz and 37 GHz.

This dataset provides maps of rain-on-snow (ROS) events across Alaska for the individual cold season months from November to March using observations from two space-borne passive microwave radiometers: (a) the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR-E/2) from 2002 to 2023; and (b) the Special Sensor Microwave Imager and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMI/S) from 1988 to 2020. Considering the differences in sensor overpass time, observation geometry, and ancillary snow cover data, the AMSR-E/2 and SSMI/S-based ROS records were generated separately. ROS events were defined as changes in surface snow wetness and isothermal states induced by atmospheric processes associated with winter rainfall or latent heat exchange. The data are summations of the number of days with ROS events per pixel at 6-km spatial resolution per month or per 5-month water year. Winter months are when snowmelt from solar illumination is minimal and snow cover is widespread and relatively consistent throughout the region. The data are provided in GeoTIFF format.

These CLIM-MET stations are meteorological/geological stations that is designed to function in remote areas for long periods of time without human intervention. These stations measure meteorological and wind-erosion parameters under varying climatic and land-use conditions to detect and describe ongoing landscape changes. These data represent multiple years of local detailed landscape and environmental change observations. These data were collected in and close to Canyonlands National Park, Utah from 1 August 2016 to 31 December 2022. These data were collected by U.S. Geological Survey researchers utilizing site visits and automated data collection data loggers. These data can be used to inform studies of local and regional landscape change as well as to provide input into regional climatic models.

These CLIM-MET stations are meteorological/geological stations that is designed to function in remote areas for long periods of time without human intervention. These stations measure meteorological and wind-erosion parameters under varying climatic and land-use conditions to detect and describe ongoing landscape changes. These data represent multiple years of local detailed landscape and environmental change observations. These data were collected in and close to Canyonlands National Park, Utah from 1 August 2016 to 31 December 2022. These data were collected by U.S. Geological Survey researchers utilizing site visits and automated data collection data loggers. These data can be used to inform studies of local and regional landscape change as well as to provide input into regional climatic models.

Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) flights were conducted over the headwaters of the South Fork of Brackett Creek in the Bridger Mountains of SW Montana during the winter of 2020. The flights collected overlapping imagery focused on a steep mountain couloir study site known locally as "the Hourglass." Structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry was used to process the collected imagery and create digital surface models (DSMs) of the landscape on 13 field days. The data was collected between January 7, 2020 and July 8, 2020 and includes 12 snow-on models as well as 1 snow-free model. The snow-on DSMs represent snow depths calculated using DSM-differencing techniques (subtraction of snow-free surface from snow-on surface). Other files include a shapefile of study locations and csv files of data used in analyses described in the associated manuscript.

Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) flights were conducted over the headwaters of the South Fork of Brackett Creek in the Bridger Mountains of SW Montana during the winter of 2020. The flights collected overlapping imagery focused on a steep mountain couloir study site known locally as "the Hourglass." Structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry was used to process the collected imagery and create digital surface models (DSMs) of the landscape on 13 field days. The data was collected between January 7, 2020 and July 8, 2020 and includes 12 snow-on models as well as 1 snow-free model. The snow-on DSMs represent snow depths calculated using DSM-differencing techniques (subtraction of snow-free surface from snow-on surface). Other files include a shapefile of study locations and csv files of data used in analyses described in the associated manuscript.

Meteorological data was collected from two locations in the Agashashok River Watershed, one high in the drainage located on tundra (67.5440 N, 161.6828 W) and a second on a rocky knoll near the watershed mouth (67.2821 N, 162.5841 W). The data contain information on air temperatures, rainfall, barometric pressure, relative humidity, incoming and outgoing radiation, and wind speed and direction. Data collection was discontinued due to equipment failure and substantial demolition of one station by a bear.

Meteorological data was collected from two locations in the Agashashok River Watershed, one high in the drainage located on tundra (67.5440 N, 161.6828 W) and a second on a rocky knoll near the watershed mouth (67.2821 N, 162.5841 W). The data contain information on air temperatures, rainfall, barometric pressure, relative humidity, incoming and outgoing radiation, and wind speed and direction. Data collection was discontinued due to equipment failure and substantial demolition of one station by a bear.

Since the late 1950s, the USGS has maintained a long-term glacier mass-balance program at three North American glaciers. Measurements began on South Cascade Glacier, WA in 1958, expanding to Gulkana and Wolverine glaciers, AK in 1966, and later Sperry Glacier, MT in 2005. Additional measurements have been made on Lemon Creek Glacier, AK to compliment data collected by the Juneau Icefield Research Program (JIRP; Pelto and others, 2013). Direct field measurements are combined with weather data and imagery analyses to estimate the seasonal and annual mass balance at each glacier in both a conventional and reference surface format (Cogley and others, 2011). High-altitude measurements of meteorological data have been collected since the beginning of the USGS Benchmark Glacier Program adjacent to glaciers in order to support related science. This portion of the data release includes select weather data that has received basic quality control and assurance. Data is released at three different levels of processing, level 0, 1 and 2. Level 0 data contains compiled raw data, before QC procedures are applied, at the original timestep recorded by the instrument. Level 1 data has received a plausible value check, and minimal manual error identification (e.g. errors noted on field visits). Level 2 data has been through more extensive quality control procedures and is provided at both the original instrument timestep as well as aggregated hourly and daily values. However, beyond the procedures detailed in this document, no additional steps have been taken to manually assure quality of the data. Data outside the main record of temperature and precipitation at each site should be considered preliminary, and be utilized with increased scrutiny.