,Detailed hydrometeorological data from the mountain rain-to-snow transition zone are present for water years 2004 through 2014. The Johnston Draw watershed (1.8 km2), ranging from 1497 – 1869 m in elevation, is a sub-watershed of the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW) in southwestern Idaho. The dataset includes continuous hourly hydrometeorological variables across a 372 m elevation gradient, on north- and south-facing slopes, including air temperature, relative humidity and snow depth from 11 sites in the watershed. Hourly measurements of solar radiation, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and soil moisture and temperature are available at selected stations. The dataset includes hourly stream discharge measured at the watershed outlet. These data provide the scientific community with a unique dataset useful for forcing and validating models in interdisciplinary studies and will allow for better representation and understanding of the complex processes that occur in the rain-to-snow transition zone.,This version of the data set fixes errors in all data files and supersedes the earlier datasets https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1258769 and https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1245163.,See the file inventory included with this dataset for more information on individual data files.,For more information about this dataset contact: Clarissa L. Enslin: enslclar@gmail.com Sarah Godsey: godsey@isu.edu Danny G. Marks: ars.danny@gmail.com,

Snow and meteorological observations were collected over a range of water years (WY) by three research institutions and by citizen scientists to characterize forest effects on snow processes across the Pacific Northwest, USA. Fourteen total study sites cover the western slopes and crest of the Cascade Range in WA and OR, and central and northern ID. Each study location includes one or more paired forest and open area in which to compare snow observations. A range of forest canopy densities and data collection strategies are represented, including paired manual snow courses, snow pits, automated sensors, and time-lapse images of snow measurement poles. Analysis and synthesis of all of these sites are presented in the data citation. Location attributes are provided as metadata for each site.

Snow and meteorological observations were collected over a range of water years (WY) by three research institutions and by citizen scientists to characterize forest effects on snow processes across the Pacific Northwest, USA. Fourteen total study sites cover the western slopes and crest of the Cascade Range in WA and OR, and central and northern ID. Each study location includes one or more paired forest and open area in which to compare snow observations. A range of forest canopy densities and data collection strategies are represented, including paired manual snow courses, snow pits, automated sensors, and time-lapse images of snow measurement poles. Analysis and synthesis of all of these sites are presented in the data citation. Location attributes are provided as metadata for each site.

,The site is located on the USDA-ARS's Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed. It is dominated by Wyoming big sagebrush on land managed by USDI Bureau of Land Management.,

,This dataset contains water balance data for each year when winter wheat was grown at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Laboratory (CPRL), Soil and Water Management Research Unit (SWMRU) research weather station, Bushland, Texas (Lat. 35.186714°, Long. -102.094189°, elevation 1170 m above MSL). Winter wheat was grown on two large, precision weighing lysimeters, each in the center of a 4.44 ha square field in the 1989-1990, 1991-1992, and 1992-1993 seasons. Irrigation was by linear move sprinkler system. Full irrigations were managed to replenish soil water used by the crop on a weekly or more frequent basis as determined by soil profile water content readings made with a neutron probe to 2.4-m depth in the field. Deficit irrigations were less than full - see crop calendars and irrigation data in these files for details. The weighing lysimeters were used to measure relative soil water storage to 0.05 mm accuracy at 5-minute intervals, and the 5-minute change in soil water storage was used along with precipitation and irrigation amounts to calculate crop evapotranspiration (ET), which is reported at 15-minute intervals. Because the large (3 m by 3 m surface area) weighing lysimeters are better rain gages than are tipping bucket gages, the 15-minute precipitation data are derived for each lysimeter from changes in lysimeter mass. The land slope is <0.3% and flat. The water balance data consist of 15-minute and daily amounts of evapotranspiration (ET), dew/frost fall, precipitation (rain/snow), irrigation, scale counterweight adjustment, and emptying of drainage tanks, all in mm. The values are the result of a rigorous quality control process involving algorithms for detecting dew/frost accumulations, and precipitation (rain and snow). Changes in lysimeter mass due to emptying of drainage tanks, counterweight adjustment, maintenance activity, and harvest are accounted for such that ET values are minimally affected. The ET data should be considered to be the best values offered in these datasets. Even though ET data are also presented in the "lysimeter" datasets, the values herein are the result of a more rigorous quality control process. Dew and frost accumulation varies from year to year and seasonally within a year, and it is affected by lysimeter surface condition [bare soil, tillage condition, residue amount and orientation (flat or standing), etc.]. Particularly during winter and depending on humidity and cloud cover, dew and frost accumulation sometimes accounts for an appreciable percentage of total daily ET. These datasets originate from research aimed at determining crop water use (ET), crop coefficients for use in ET-based irrigation scheduling based on a reference ET, crop growth, yield, harvest index, and crop water productivity as affected by irrigation method, timing, amount (full or some degree of deficit), agronomic practices, cultivar, and weather. Prior publications have focused on winter wheat ET, crop coefficients, and crop water productivity. Crop coefficients have been used by ET networks. The data have utility for testing simulation models of crop ET, growth, and yield.,,

,The Southwest Watershed Research Center (SWRC) has operated Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW), located in the vicinity of Tombstone, Arizona, for more than 50 years. A 17 year (1990-2006) meteorological and soil hydrology database has been established by the USDA Agricultural Research Service, SWRC. Data have been acquired at 3 automated weather stations, 5 soil profile trench sites, and 19 locations dispersed across the watershed colocated with recording rain gauges. Meteorological elements measured at the weather stations include air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, barometric pressure, solar radiation, photosynthetically active radiation, and net radiation. Net radiation is measured at LHMet and KENMet. A single sensor is used to measure each variable at each AWS. Barometric pressure is sampled once and output at the output time step; all other sensors are sampled every 10 seconds and averaged at the output time step, either 20 or 60 minutes. Manufacturer supplied calibration or conversion factors are employed to report output in standard units.,

,The Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) runoff database has the longest period of record of runoff in the world for a semiarid location, with data collection beginning in 1953. Runoff occurs at Walnut Gulch primarily as a result of convective thunderstorms during the months of July through September. Runoff volume and flow duration are correlated with drainage area as a result of the limited areal extent of runoff producing rainfall and transmission losses or infiltration of the flood wave into the channel alluvium. Runoff is measured at three ranges of watershed size: small, 0.0018-0.059 km2; medium, 0.35-1.60 km2; and large, 2.27-149 km2. The small watersheds are termed ‘‘unit source area watersheds'' and were established to quantify the interaction of rainfall intensity patterns, soils, vegetation, and management on the rates and amounts runoff and sediment production. The medium watersheds were established at preexisting small earthen dams or stock tanks to obtain inexpensive measurements of storm runoff volume and annual sediment yield. The large watersheds were established to quantify the effects of the spatial and temporal variability of thunderstorm rainfall and channel characteristics on water yield, peak discharge, and sediment yield. Runoff was originally measured using a stilling well, float, and analog stage recorders (Stevens A-35, Friez FD-4, Friez FW-1) with mechanical clocks to record the timing of the event. In 1999, digital recorders consisting of potentiometers attached to the stilling well gear mechanism and a Campbell Scientific CR-10 data logger were added to all of the runoff measurement stations. At present, both the analog and digital data are being collected and are archived.,

Field measurements, daily meteorological inputs, and previously validated iSnobal simulations were used to run and inform the biogeochemical models Biome-BGC and Biome-BGC MuSo at three aspen stands in the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed. iSnobal simulations of snow redistribution were used to modify measured precipitation values to account for the redistribution of snow. Biome-BGC simulations were run under historical conditions (1984-2015) assuming both a uniform and redistributed snow layer. Biome-BGC MuSo simulations were run under historical (1996-2015) and future climate scenarios (2046-2065) and account for the redistribution of snow. Biogeochemical simulation data sets include input files used to run Biome-BGC and Biome-BGC MuSo simulations of aspen at three sites in the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed under historical and mid-21st conditions. Input files include .ini files describing site conditions and outputs, .epc files describing ecophysiological parameters, and .met files containing historical and modified climate data used to run simulations under historical and mid-21st century conditions. Variables associated with daily simulation outputs are defined in .ini files. Field measurement datasets include hourly soil moisture measurements, monthly pre-dawn leaf water potential measurements, and leaf area index (LAI) measurements collected at each site between 2012 and 2015. iSnobal simulation data sets include daily iSnobal simulated snow water equivalent (SWE) extracted from a single point in drifts located at each site. Data are displayed based on day of water year. Number of simulation years varies from 2 to 24 years depending on site. Drift factors were calculated based on the ratio of peak SWE extracted from iSnobal simulations and uniform SWE falling across the drift accumulation period. Drift factors were then applied to measured precipitation values based on 0°C day and night time temperature thresholds.

Field measurements, daily meteorological inputs, and previously validated iSnobal simulations were used to run and inform the biogeochemical models Biome-BGC and Biome-BGC MuSo at three aspen stands in the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed. iSnobal simulations of snow redistribution were used to modify measured precipitation values to account for the redistribution of snow. Biome-BGC simulations were run under historical conditions (1984-2015) assuming both a uniform and redistributed snow layer. Biome-BGC MuSo simulations were run under historical (1996-2015) and future climate scenarios (2046-2065) and account for the redistribution of snow. Biogeochemical simulation data sets include input files used to run Biome-BGC and Biome-BGC MuSo simulations of aspen at three sites in the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed under historical and mid-21st conditions. Input files include .ini files describing site conditions and outputs, .epc files describing ecophysiological parameters, and .met files containing historical and modified climate data used to run simulations under historical and mid-21st century conditions. Variables associated with daily simulation outputs are defined in .ini files. Field measurement datasets include hourly soil moisture measurements, monthly pre-dawn leaf water potential measurements, and leaf area index (LAI) measurements collected at each site between 2012 and 2015. iSnobal simulation data sets include daily iSnobal simulated snow water equivalent (SWE) extracted from a single point in drifts located at each site. Data are displayed based on day of water year. Number of simulation years varies from 2 to 24 years depending on site. Drift factors were calculated based on the ratio of peak SWE extracted from iSnobal simulations and uniform SWE falling across the drift accumulation period. Drift factors were then applied to measured precipitation values based on 0°C day and night time temperature thresholds.

These data include snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) for a field campaign on April 9, 2024. The field area is comprised of 311 surveyed points in, on the perimeter of, and surrounding six forest openings next to Coal Creek off Coal Bank Pass in the San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado, USA. These measurements were taken to look at the relationship between snow accumulation and snow melt patterns between forest gaps of various sizes, and forest edges of various sizes (edge of forest gaps). Canopy metrics, including canopy height, total gap area, mean distance to canopy, canopy closure, leaf area index, non-directional edginess, canopy edginess with a southern aspect, and canopy edginess with a northern aspect were defined using aerial lidar data for the San Juan Mountains and can be found in an affiliated data release titled, ‘High Resolution Canopy Structure and Density Metrics for Southwest Colorado Derived from 2019 Aerial Lidar.’ These metrics are also included herein for the 311 surveyed points.