,Reliable and cost-effective sampling methods are critical to the development of monitoring systems for pest management and can enhance research activities that address issues in population ecology and population dynamics. Validation and evaluation of these plans are central to development and implementation in the field. Sampling plans are often developed from a restricted range of observations from a small area, but are then used over a wide area representing a novel array of environmental and agronomic conditions.,Sets of tools for sample plan evaluation originally released in 1997, these Monte Carlo simulations can be used to evaluate sampling models during the developmental phase; however, they may not be adequate for testing model validity and performance under field conditions. This is primarily due to the assumption of an underlying statistical distribution (e.g., negative-binomial, normal) which may not adequately represent the actual distributions of insects in all instances. Here we present a method in which actual field data is resampled to evaluate sample plan performance. We originally developed DOS-based computer software for this purpose. The full functionality of this original program is available as an Excel Add-in in RVSP V.2 compatible with current and past versions of Excel.,,

The hemlock woolly adelgid was first documented in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in 2002. Since then park personnel have embarked on multi-faceted management programs to reduce adelgid populations on hemlocks. To date, the factors responsible for effective treatment of hemlock woolly adelgid are not fully understood. The ultimate goal of this project is to determine the effectiveness of imidacloprid treatment regimes and possible non-target impacts to aquatic systems. The objectives of field sampling for this study are as follows: 1) to conduct a chemical analyses of imidacloprid and imidacloprid metabolites in hemlock trees from selected treatment areas; 2) to collect adelgid population data from hemlock trees from selected treatment areas; and 3) to assess the impact of imidacloprid on aquatic habitats in the park. The endpoint of this project will be to supply the park with a hemlock woolly adelgid management plan. Three field sites were selected for the hemlock foliage work: two in the park--Anthony Creek and Hesse Creek--and one near the park (Mountain Homes Incorporated). Concentrations of imidacloprid, olefin, and other metabolites were determined in foliage samples from the three sites. Both imidacloprid and olefin were present in the samples 4-7 years after initial application, with concentrations of imidacloprid below LD50 in most samples and olefin above LD50 for HWA in most samples. Ten streams adjacent to treatment sites have been sampled for aquatic work above and below the treatment site: Alum Creek, Camel Hump Creek, Cane Creek, Chasteen Creek, Dunn Creek, Indian Creek, Indian Camp Creek, Kingfisher Creek, Panther Creek, and Shop Creek. Ten streams that are not adjacent to treatment areas have also been sampled for comparisons: Big Branch, Cattail Branch, Coalen Ground Branch, Hammer Branch, Hesse Creek, Kephart Prong, Noisy Creek, Robinson Creek, Tabcat Creek, and Webb Creek. Water samples were also tested for imidacloprid and its metabolites.

식물병해충 예찰조사 과정 및 연구사업 등에서 확보한 표본 정보의 리스트로, 종합적인 표본의 보존, 관리 및 활용을 목적으로 한다.

,Description: This dataset consists of field data (arthropods, nematodes and NDVI) collected over the course of 6 field excursions in 2015 and 2016 near TyTy, GA, in a field used for growing Miscanthus x giganteus. It also includes interpolated values of soil measurements collected in 2015 and meteorological data collected on an adjacent farm. Point-in-time measurements include all meteorological, NDVI, arthropod and nematode measurements and their derivatives. Fixed values were measurements that were held constant across all sampling dates, including location, terrain and soils measurements and their derivatives.,Dawn Olson and Jason Schmidt collected and processed arthropod count data. Jason Schmidt collected and processed spider count data and computed spider diversity. Richard Davis collected and processed nematode count data. Alisa Coffin collected and processed NDVI data and positional locations. Tim Strickland collected and processed soils data and Alisa Coffin interpolated soils values using kriging to derive values at arthropod sample locations. David Bosch collected and processed meteorological data. Lynne Seymour provided statistical expertise in deriving any estimated values (phloem feeders, parasitoids, spiders, and natural enemies). Alisa Coffin derived terrain data (elevation, slope, aspect, and distances) from publicly available datasets, transformed values (SI, WI, etc), carried out the geographically weighted regression analysis and calculated C:SE values, harmonized the full dataset, and compiled it using Esri's ArcGIS Pro 2.5. Methods for most data are published in the accompanying paper and associated supplements.,Questions about dataset development and management should be directed to Alisa Coffin (alisa.coffin@usda.gov). This work was accomplished as a joint USDA and University of Georgia project funded by a cooperative agreement (#6048-13000-026-21S). This research was a contribution from the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network. LTAR is supported by the United States Department of Agriculture.,At request of the author, the data resources are under embargo. The embargo will expire on Fri, Jan 01, 2021.,

농림축산식품부에서 제공하는 시설원예 농작물(참외) 병해충에 대한 데이터로 병, 해충의 이미지 데이터를 제공합니다.

,Attraction Assessment - assessment of different lure sources, including pheromones and kairomones for red flour beetle and lesser grain borer in the wind tunnel and release-recapture experiment under controlled settings. Abbreviations: WGO - wheat germ oil; Tab - Insects Limited SPB tablet bait; NC - negative control (no stimulus); DDGS - dried distiller's grains with soluables. There were a total of n = 12 replicate releases for the release-recapture and n = 30 replicate individuals for the wind tunnel per treatment.,Dose Dependency Data - evaluation of whether dose-dependency in attraction exists for red flour beetle and lesser grain borer in the wind tunnel and in a release-recapture experiment for the Insects Limited SPB lure. Abbreviations: SPB1 - a single Insects Limited SPB tablet bait; SPB2 - two Insects Limited SPB tablet baits; SPB3 - three Insects Limited SPB tablet baits; Ctrl - negative control (no stimulus); DDGS - dried distiller's grains with soluables. There were a total of n = 24 replicate releases for the release-recapture and n = 30 replicate individuals for the wind tunnel per treatment.,Spillage Trap Collections - datasheet for the number and lowest taxonomic unit of insects collected in interception traps with different kill mechanisms and stimuli at three food facilities in Arkansas and Kansas during 2018 and 2019. There were a total of 27 taxa tracked, and captures totaled to near 4,000. Abbreviations: C, control netting only (no stimulus); L, insecticide-netting only (no stimulus); LS, insecticide-netting with a single SPB Insects Limited tab lure; CS, control netting with a single SPB Insects Limited tab lure. State abbreviations: AR - Arkansas, KS - Kansas. There were three transects per site, each with every treatment above represented, thus a total of n = 8-9 replicate deployments in AR and n = 12 deployments in KS.,Spillage Trap Progeny- datasheet for progeny production in interception traps after six weeks under constant conditions with different kill mechanisms and stimuli at three food facilities in Arkansas and Kansas during 2018 and 2019. Abbreviations: C, control netting only (no stimulus); L, insecticide-netting only (no stimulus); LS, insecticide-netting with a single SPB Insects Limited tab lure; CS, control netting with a single SPB Insects Limited tab lure. State abbreviations: AR - Arkansas, KS - Kansas. There were three transects per site, each with every treatment above represented, thus a total of n = 8-9 replicate deployments in AR and n = 12 deployments in KS.,Trial 1 Recapture - To understand whether the method by which LLIN was deployed affected subsequent commodity infestation and progeny production, pilot-scale warehouses (5.85 × 2.81 m) in Manhattan, KS were used. At the far end of the warehouse against the back wall, a commodity consisting of a mixture of 210 mL organic, whole wheat kernels and 210 mL of organic, unbleached flour was placed. A total of 100 individuals each of T. castaneum, R. dominica, and T. variabile were released at the opposite end of the warehouse (approx. 5.25 m away). There were n = 12 replicate releases per treatment from 26 April 2019 to 16 August 2019, comprising a total of 3,600 released insects. There were four LLIN deployment methods that were tested (Figure 2). In the “hanging” treatment, LLIN (2.72 × 2.41 m) was affixed to the warehouse ceiling and allowed to hang down to the floor, completely bisecting the room. In the “cover” deployment method, LLIN was directly laid over the commodity. In the “pipe” deployment method, a PVC pipe (91 cm length, 5.1 cm I.D.) was bisected halfway with LLIN. These were compared with a "control" that used the same PVC pipe design, but without netting. Insects were given 72 h to disperse across the warehouse to the commodity. After this period, insects were collected by pre-designated zones in the warehouse. The zones were noted respective to the location of the commodity, and included "in commodity" (inside

,Insecticide: Two insecticides were used in this study: an existing formulation (tradename: Diacon IGR+ R ; Central Life Sciences, Schaumberg, IL, USA), and a new formulation with synergist (tradename: Gravista ). Diacon IGR+ contains 11.4% methoprene and 4.75% deltamethrin, with a label rate of 0.12 kg AI/L and 0.05 kg AI/L. The label rate as a residual surface treatment gives a range of 28.5 mL AI/L−171 mL AI/L H2O to cover 94 m2 for both compounds. We used the maximum labeled rate of 24 mg AI/m2 for deltamethrin and 57 mg AI/m2 for methoprene. This corresponded to 0.3 ml of the formulation in 25 ml H2O, sprayed at the rate of 0.3 ml per 50.3 cm2 arena, using an artist’s air brush (Badger 100 series, Badger Corporation, Franklin Park, IL, US) for each treatment. Each replicate was evenly applied to the concrete dish using a compressor pump. The new Gravista formulation has one labeled rate of 684 ml formulation/L H2O to cover 92.9 m2. To achieve this, we mixed 0.5 ml of the new formulation in 10 ml H2O. This was sprayed at the same rate as the other compound. Distilled water was used for the control arenas at 0.3 mL per arena. The arenas were given 8 h to dry prior to use in experiments. Insects (20 of each species per replicate) were exposed on the insecticide-treated petri dishes for either 4 or 24 h. After exposure, individual Prostephanus truncatus and Sitophilus zeamais were removed and placed into clean Petri dish arenas and evaluated for condition. Using a stereomicroscope (SMZ-18, Nikon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) under 60× magnification, P. truncatus and S. zeamais were classified as alive (moving normally, is able to right itself when flipped over, no twitching), affected (moving sluggishly or erratically, unable to right itself, twitching of antennae or legs may be present), or dead (completely immobile even after prodding) according to prior published definitions (Ranabhat et al., 2022).,,Dispersal and Mortality: To test dispersal capacity to new food patches, a dispersal apparatus was employed. Species-specific cohorts of 20 adults (P. truncatus or S. zeamais) were exposed to Gravista, IGR+, or an untreated control as above for 4 or 24 h, then given 48 h to disperse across 30 or 70 cm standardized sections of PVC pipe (3.175 cm ID). After exposure to insecticide formulations, insects were evaluated for condition after exposure before placing them in the dispersal apparatus. The ends of both sides of the PVC pipe were sealed with mesh (425 μm) to prevent escape. At the far end of the pipe, a hole (2 cm D) was drilled and centered over a glass jar (5 × 6.5 cm D:H) to create a pitfall trap design. The glass jar contained 20 g of whole maize kernels, representing a novel food patch, to induce insects to disperse with food kairomones. Untreated, clean, and uninfested yellow maize was used in the experiments. Grain was sourced from Heartland Mills (Marienthal, KS, USA), and frozen for 72 h prior to use to ensure no prior insect infestation was present. At the end of the sampling period, the number of insects in the jar and their mortality was scored as alive, affected or dead. In addition, the position of each individual was recorded as residing in zone 1 (at the release point), zone 2 (in first half of tube), zone 3 (in second half of tube), or zone 4 (collection jar with maize). In total, there were n = 12 replicate cohorts for each species and combination of distance and treatment. In total, 1,440 P. truncatus and 1,440 S. zeamais were tested in this experiment.,

,Data Descriptions,fungalExpt.csv,Beauveria bassiana GHA is registered for application to grasshoppers and Mormon crickets on rangeland and improved pasture. Conidia were obtained as a dry technical grade powder (Laverlam International, Butte, Montana). A concentrated B. bassiana stock suspension in paraffin crop oil (Orchex 796, Calumet Specialty Product Partners) was prepared from the dry conidia and the concentration determined by hemocytometer counts of kerosene-diluted samples (Srygley and Jaronski 2011, 2018). A suspension of 3 x109 viable spores per ml oil was adjusted for conidial viability.,On July 24, 2019, we collected 98 female and 90 male Mormon crickets from the cages (detailed below) with each cricket placed in an Eppendorf tube marked with sex and cage of origin. Mormon crickets were weighed, and fungal-treated insects were inoculated with 1 µl of the fungal suspension applied with an electric micro-applicator at the bases of each of two forelegs (6x106 spores per treated insect) in a camper on the site. Note that in laboratory conditions, that dose was sufficient to exceed 50% mortality in four days and resulted in 100% mortality in six days of application. The same amount of paraffin crop oil without spores was applied to the 51 control insects. Controls and Beauveria-treated Mormon crickets (listed as ‘c’ and ‘f’, respectively under the header ‘Treatment’) were held in 50 ml Eppendorf tubes with a hole in the top for air exchange and distributed to the 0.025 m2 cages, but not released until the following day to confirm that none molted and may have shed the spore inoculation. We added five grasshoppers to each of 25 controls and 67 inoculated insect cages, and attached the cage tops.,Cages with fungus-treated and sham-treated controls were checked on July 29, five days after fungal treatments were applied. Six controls and 22 fungus-infected Mormon crickets had escaped or were otherwise missing. Cages were checked again the following day, and each day thereafter until August 15. Cadavers were recorded and placed individually in uniquely marked petri dishes. Petri dishes for controls and fungus-treated insects were separated into 100% humidity chambers, and transported to the laboratory in Sidney to visually check for B. bassiana sporulation on the surface of the cuticle. On August 4, 6, and 8, grasshoppers were added to grasshopper-provisioned cages to restore the number to five per cage.,Because mortality in the field was lower than we expected, we brought the 42 fungus-treated insects that were alive on August 15 to the laboratory in Sidney, Montana to confirm that they were indeed infected with B. bassiana. Each was housed in a cup with a screen top, provided with dry food and water ad lib, and placed in an environmental chamber at 28 C and 15:9 h day:night lights. Daily, they were checked for mortality when given fresh Romaine lettuce.,,Immunity.csv,On July 2, 22 days prior to the fungal treatments, we erected 28 cages at a site on Forest Service Road (FSR) 14 (44.8264 N, 107.8280 W, 2773 m a.s.l.). Lucite cages (1 m2 x 0.7 m in height) were erected, fastened to the ground, and cleared of all grasshoppers, katydids, and spiders. On July 2-3, we collected Northern grasshoppers Melanoplus borealis nymphs and Mormon cricket nymphs from a meadow on Paint Rock Road, Bighorn County, Wyoming (WY, 44.4644 N, 107.4592 W, 2653 m a.s.l.). Nearly all of the 390 Mormon crickets were wild-caught 4th instar nymphs (only 12 were 5th instars). Grasshoppers were sorted to exclude anything less than a 3rd instar. On July 3, cages were stocked with two Mormon cricket density treatments: 10 and 20 Mormon crickets; and two grasshopper density treatments: 0 and 45 grasshoppers (listed as ‘MC trt’ and ‘GH trt’ in the data set). Hence, some of the Mormon crickets were provisioned with grasshoppers and some were not, and these treatments were continued when the insects were separated into individual cages later (detailed above).

,Experimental Insects,The field strains of T. castaneum and R. dominica (F.) were used in this study. The former originates from Eastern Kansas in 2012, and the latter is also from Eastern Kansas but from 2019. For all species, four to eight-week-old adults were used. Rearings were kept at the USDA Center for Grain Animal Health Research in Manhattan, KS. Tribolium castaneum was reared on a mixture of 95% unbleached, organic flour and 5% brewer’s yeast, while R. dominica was reared on tempered organic whole wheat. Colonies were maintained at 27.5°C, 65% RH, and 14:10 for maintenance or 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod for the experiment.,Treatments,Treatments included exposure to three different types of long-lasting insecticide-incorporated netting (LLIN). These consisted of 1) Carifend®, LLIN with 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin (40 deniers, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), 2) D-Terrence, LLIN with 0.4% deltamethrin (2 × 2 mm mesh, Vestergaard SA., Lausanne, Switzerland), and 3) 8% etofenprox LLIN (AgBio, Inc, CO, USA), and for control, we used netting identical to the Carifend or Vestergaard netting but lacking insecticide.,Direct Lethality Assessments,Cohort of 20 mixed-sex adult beetles were exposed for 5, 60, or 120-min intervals on netting affixed to a 9 × 9 cm2 petri dish in the laboratory. After exposure, we took the evaluated condition after 0, 24, 72, or 168 h as alive, affected, or dead condition (Figure 1), according to the definitions described in Ranabhat et al. (2022) in Petri dishes without netting containing 8.5 cm D filter paper. Briefly, living adults were defined as moving with normal speed and activity and able to right themselves if flipped. By contrast, affected adults exhibited sluggish or drunken movements, could not right themselves if flipped, and some or all of their limbs exhibited twitching. Dead adults were completely immobile. For post-exposure treatment, adults were held under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies but without supplemental food after exposure. We performed a total of n = 4 replications per treatment combination for each species.,Baseline Mobility Assay after Exposure to LLINs,Based on the observation of the lethality assay, we focused our baseline mobility assay on Carifend® and D-Terrence LLIN. Using only alive adults, we assessed their movement in six individual Petri dishes (100 × 15 mm D: H) that consisted of a filter paper (85 mm D, Grade 1, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) lining. Treatments included a negative control (e.g., filter paper only), one of the two LLINS, or an identical netting to the Carifend or Vestergaard netting but without insecticide (e.g., as a positive control). Their movement was tracked for 60-min using a network camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ehrenburg, Germany) affixed 80 cm above the dishes. The Petri dishes were backlit using a LED light box (42 × 30 cm W: L, LPB3, Litup, Shenzhen, China) to increase contrast and affixed in place with white foam board. The video was streamed to a computer and processed in Ethovision (v.14.0, Noldus Inc., Leesburg, VA). The program automatically calculated the total distance moved (cm) and the instantaneous velocity (cm/s) over the 60-min period for each adult. Each adult was considered a replicate and was never used more than once. In total, n = 18 replicates were performed per treatment combination.,Comparison of Sublethal Effects among LLINs,For the sublethal movement assay, mixed-sex adult beetles were exposed to the Carifend®, D-Terrence LLIN, or control net as mentioned above. Cohorts of 5–10 adults were exposed for 5- or 60-min intervals on LLINs affixed to a 9 × 9 cm2 Petri dish in the laboratory. After exposure, the effects of the LLINs on adult movement were assessed either immediately or after 72 h in Petri dishes under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies but without supplemental food and then assayed using the video-tracking system described above by using Ethovision