This dataset includes all files used to model groundwater-surface water exchange at several oxbow ponds on the lower Quillayute River, WA in summer 2022. Sediment temperature data was collected continuously from July to September 2022 at multiple depths using temperature rods that were installed in the subsurface. Temperature data was collected at depths of 1, 4, 7, 11, and 50 cm using internally logging iButton temperature sensors (model DS1922L). Specific discharge across the sediment-water interface was estimated using the tempest1d model; a python-based model that solves a 1-dimensional heat flux equation (McAliley and others, 2022a, McAliley and others, 2022b). The tempest1d model was run at 13 different sites across three oxbow lakes within the study area. Estimates of hourly specific discharge values were determined throughout the deployment period. A negative specific discharge indicates upward flow (groundwater discharge) into the lake. This data release contains the formatted sediment temperature time series data for each site (Inputs.2022.zip), the files needed to run the model (Code.2022.zip), a summary of the specific discharge results at each site (Outputs.2022.zip), and a step-by-step guide on how to run the model at each location (html.output.2022.zip). Site locations are also provided as a .csv file (oxbow.sites.2020.csv). Additional details are provided in the main README file as well as specific readme files within each zip folder.. For further information about the tempest1d modeling approach, please refer to the following publications: McAliley, W.A., Rey, D.M., and Day-Lewis, F.D., 2022a, Data release for tempest1d--Recursive Estimation of Vertical Groundwater/Surface-Water Exchange using Heat Tracing: U.S. Geological Survey data release, available at https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DBTKT. McAliley, W. A., Day-Lewis, F. D., Rey, D., Briggs, M. A., Shapiro, A. M., and Werkema, D., 2022b, Application of recursive estimation to heat tracing for groundwater/surface-water exchange: Water Resources Research, v. 58, no. 6, e2021WR030443, available at https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030443.

This dataset includes all files used to model groundwater-surface water exchange at mainstem locations on the lower Quillayute River, WA in summer 2021. Sediment temperature data was collected continuously from June to September 2021 at multiple depths using temperature rods that were installed into the streambed. Temperature data was collected at depths of 1, 4, 7, 11, and 50 cm using internally logging iButton temperature sensors (model DS1922L). Specific discharge across the sediment-water interface was estimated using the tempest1d model; a python-based model that solves a 1-dimensional heat flux equation (McAliley and others, 2022a; McAliley and others, 2022b). The tempest1d model was run at 6 different sites within the study area. Estimates of hourly specific discharge values were determined throughout the deployment period. A negative specific discharge indicates upward flow (groundwater discharge) into the lake. This data release contains the formatted sediment temperature time series data for each site (Inputs.2021.zip), the files needed to run the model (Code.2021.zip), a summary of the specific discharge results at each site (Outputs.2021.zip), and a step-by-step guide on how to run the model at each location (html.output.2021.zip). Study locations are also provided as a .csv file (quillayute.sites.2021.csv). Additional details are provided in the main README file as well as specific readme files within each zip folder.. For further information about the tempest1d modeling approach, please refer to the following publications: McAliley, W.A., Rey, D.M., and Day-Lewis, F.D., 2022a, Data release for tempest1d--Recursive Estimation of Vertical Groundwater/Surface-Water Exchange using Heat Tracing: U.S. Geological Survey data release, available at https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DBTKT. McAliley, W. A., Day-Lewis, F. D., Rey, D., Briggs, M. A., Shapiro, A. M., and Werkema, D., 2022b, Application of recursive estimation to heat tracing for groundwater/surface-water exchange: Water Resources Research, v. 58, no. 6, e2021WR030443, available at https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030443.

This dataset includes all files used to model groundwater-surface water exchange at mainstem locations on the lower Quillayute River, WA in summer 2021. Sediment temperature data was collected continuously from June to September 2021 at multiple depths using temperature rods that were installed into the streambed. Temperature data was collected at depths of 1, 4, 7, 11, and 50 cm using internally logging iButton temperature sensors (model DS1922L). Specific discharge across the sediment-water interface was estimated using the tempest1d model; a python-based model that solves a 1-dimensional heat flux equation (McAliley and others, 2022a; McAliley and others, 2022b). The tempest1d model was run at 6 different sites within the study area. Estimates of hourly specific discharge values were determined throughout the deployment period. A negative specific discharge indicates upward flow (groundwater discharge) into the lake. This data release contains the formatted sediment temperature time series data for each site (Inputs.2021.zip), the files needed to run the model (Code.2021.zip), a summary of the specific discharge results at each site (Outputs.2021.zip), and a step-by-step guide on how to run the model at each location (html.output.2021.zip). Study locations are also provided as a .csv file (quillayute.sites.2021.csv). Additional details are provided in the main README file as well as specific readme files within each zip folder.. For further information about the tempest1d modeling approach, please refer to the following publications: McAliley, W.A., Rey, D.M., and Day-Lewis, F.D., 2022a, Data release for tempest1d--Recursive Estimation of Vertical Groundwater/Surface-Water Exchange using Heat Tracing: U.S. Geological Survey data release, available at https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DBTKT. McAliley, W. A., Day-Lewis, F. D., Rey, D., Briggs, M. A., Shapiro, A. M., and Werkema, D., 2022b, Application of recursive estimation to heat tracing for groundwater/surface-water exchange: Water Resources Research, v. 58, no. 6, e2021WR030443, available at https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030443.

This dataset presents cross-sectional measurements of water temperature and specific conductance at varying depths in cross sections located in three oxbow ponds adjacent to the Quillayute River in Washington. Three oxbow ponds in the abandoned meander were identified as having sufficient water depth for conducting water quality cross-section surveys. Each pond name identifier in downstream order is as follows: Gravel Pond (GP), Hockey Pond (HP) and Long Pond (LP). Each pond length was measured and partitioned into equally spaced cross-section locations. A pack raft with one team member equipped with water quality probe recorded data at each cross-section. Data was collected August 29-31, 2022, at a time when surface-water temperatures were near their annual thermal maximum.

This dataset presents cross-sectional measurements of water temperature and specific conductance at varying depths in cross sections located in three oxbow ponds adjacent to the Quillayute River in Washington. Three oxbow ponds in the abandoned meander were identified as having sufficient water depth for conducting water quality cross-section surveys. Each pond name identifier in downstream order is as follows: Gravel Pond (GP), Hockey Pond (HP) and Long Pond (LP). Each pond length was measured and partitioned into equally spaced cross-section locations. A pack raft with one team member equipped with water quality probe recorded data at each cross-section. Data was collected August 29-31, 2022, at a time when surface-water temperatures were near their annual thermal maximum.

This data release provides a recursive-estimation framework to infer groundwater/surface-water exchange based on temperature time series collected at different vertical depths below the sediment/water interface. A heat-transport problem was formulated as a state-space model (SSM), in which the spatial derivatives in the convection/conduction equation are approximated using finite differences. The SSM is calibrated to estimate time-varying specific discharge using the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Extended Rauch-Tung-Striebel Smoother (ERTSS) algorithms. This data release contains both algorithms, synthetic and field-experimental data, as well as VFLUX model results (Neversink_obs.csv, VFLUX_results.csv) used for validation and comparison. The tempest1d.py file contains the code to run the algorithm, while the compressed notebooks folder contains both ipython notebooks (.ipynb) and html versions of worksflows for algorithm application to provided data. More detailed instructions can be found in the readme.txt file attached.

This data release provides a recursive-estimation framework to infer groundwater/surface-water exchange based on temperature time series collected at different vertical depths below the sediment/water interface. A heat-transport problem was formulated as a state-space model (SSM), in which the spatial derivatives in the convection/conduction equation are approximated using finite differences. The SSM is calibrated to estimate time-varying specific discharge using the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Extended Rauch-Tung-Striebel Smoother (ERTSS) algorithms. This data release contains both algorithms, synthetic and field-experimental data, as well as VFLUX model results (Neversink_obs.csv, VFLUX_results.csv) used for validation and comparison. The tempest1d.py file contains the code to run the algorithm, while the compressed notebooks folder contains both ipython notebooks (.ipynb) and html versions of worksflows for algorithm application to provided data. More detailed instructions can be found in the readme.txt file attached.

The Quillayute River Basin in northwestern Washington consists of the Quillayute River and the river systems of its major tributaries, the Dickey, Sol Duc, and Bogachiel Rivers. With a drainage area of 629 square miles, the Quillayute River Basin provides important habitat for 23 distinct runs of anadromous steelhead and salmon, representing one of the largest and most productive watersheds on the Washington coast (Nelson, 1982; Hunter, 2006). The Quileute Tribe maintains treaty-protected fisheries at usual and accustomed areas in the Quillayute River Basin; however, these fisheries are currently at risk during the late summer as water temperatures within these areas may exceed the specific thermal tolerances of salmonids and other cold-water aquatic species. To inform the planning and prioritization of projects that aim to improve the availability of cold-water habitat in the Quillayute River Basin, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Quileute Tribe and Wild Salmon Center, utilized various methods to characterize the late-summer water temperature dynamics of the Quillayute River Basin. These study components and their corresponding objectives included the following: - Thermal infrared surveys to map and profile water surface temperatures and identify thermal points of interest in the Quillayute River and its major tributaries (126 river miles total). - Paired air-stream temperature analysis to evaluate the groundwater influence and thermal sensitivity of 11 sites within the Quillayute River Basin. Repeated longitudinal near-surface and near-bottom water temperature float surveys to locate temperature changes indicative of groundwater discharge and assess the tidal influence on water temperatures along the right edge, left edge, and center of the Quillayute River (20 surveys total) - Models of groundwater-surface water exchange using streambed sediment temperature data at 6 sites in the lower Quillayute River and 13 sites in the Quillayute River oxbow ponds. - Cross-sectional profiles of water temperature and specific conductance to support interpretation of continuous water temperature records collected in the Quillayute River oxbow ponds. The data from these study components are included in the Child Items of this Data Release. In addition to the data presented herein, continuous water temperature data at ten sites representing deep pools in the Quillayute River and Quillayute River oxbow ponds were collected and published on the USGS National Water Information System (USGS, 2024a-e, g-k) as part of this study, along with river stage data at an additional site on the Quillayute River (USGS, 2024f). At each of the ten pool sites water temperature was collected at two to three depths in the water column to assess thermal stratification and the potential effect of tides and groundwater discharge. A forthcoming USGS Scientific Investigations Report will provide interpretation of all data published for this study. References Cited: Hunter, J.W., 2006, Quillayute Watershed Prioritized Salmon Restoration Projects: Quileute Natural Resources, accessed May 29, 2024, at https://quileutenation.org/natural-resources/salmon-restoration/. Nelson, L.M., 1982, Streamflow and sediment transport in the Quillayute River basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-627, 33 p. [Also available online at https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr82627] U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 2024a, USGS 475408124342701 Quillayute River Oxbow Hockey Pond nr La Push, WA, in USGS water data for the Nation: U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database, accessed May 29, 2024, at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN. [Site information directly accessible at https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/uv?site_no=475408124342701.] U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 2024b, USGS 475413124351219 Quillayute R Oxbow Long Pond South nr La Push, WA, in USGS water data for the Nation: U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information

The Quillayute River Basin in northwestern Washington consists of the Quillayute River and the river systems of its major tributaries, the Dickey, Sol Duc, and Bogachiel Rivers. With a drainage area of 629 square miles, the Quillayute River Basin provides important habitat for 23 distinct runs of anadromous steelhead and salmon, representing one of the largest and most productive watersheds on the Washington coast (Nelson, 1982; Hunter, 2006). The Quileute Tribe maintains treaty-protected fisheries at usual and accustomed areas in the Quillayute River Basin; however, these fisheries are currently at risk during the late summer as water temperatures within these areas may exceed the specific thermal tolerances of salmonids and other cold-water aquatic species. To inform the planning and prioritization of projects that aim to improve the availability of cold-water habitat in the Quillayute River Basin, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Quileute Tribe and Wild Salmon Center, utilized various methods to characterize the late-summer water temperature dynamics of the Quillayute River Basin. These study components and their corresponding objectives included the following: - Thermal infrared surveys to map and profile water surface temperatures and identify thermal points of interest in the Quillayute River and its major tributaries (126 river miles total). - Paired air-stream temperature analysis to evaluate the groundwater influence and thermal sensitivity of 11 sites within the Quillayute River Basin. Repeated longitudinal near-surface and near-bottom water temperature float surveys to locate temperature changes indicative of groundwater discharge and assess the tidal influence on water temperatures along the right edge, left edge, and center of the Quillayute River (20 surveys total) - Models of groundwater-surface water exchange using streambed sediment temperature data at 6 sites in the lower Quillayute River and 13 sites in the Quillayute River oxbow ponds. - Cross-sectional profiles of water temperature and specific conductance to support interpretation of continuous water temperature records collected in the Quillayute River oxbow ponds. The data from these study components are included in the Child Items of this Data Release. In addition to the data presented herein, continuous water temperature data at ten sites representing deep pools in the Quillayute River and Quillayute River oxbow ponds were collected and published on the USGS National Water Information System (USGS, 2024a-e, g-k) as part of this study, along with river stage data at an additional site on the Quillayute River (USGS, 2024f). At each of the ten pool sites water temperature was collected at two to three depths in the water column to assess thermal stratification and the potential effect of tides and groundwater discharge. A forthcoming USGS Scientific Investigations Report will provide interpretation of all data published for this study. References Cited: Hunter, J.W., 2006, Quillayute Watershed Prioritized Salmon Restoration Projects: Quileute Natural Resources, accessed May 29, 2024, at https://quileutenation.org/natural-resources/salmon-restoration/. Nelson, L.M., 1982, Streamflow and sediment transport in the Quillayute River basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-627, 33 p. [Also available online at https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr82627] U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 2024a, USGS 475408124342701 Quillayute River Oxbow Hockey Pond nr La Push, WA, in USGS water data for the Nation: U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database, accessed May 29, 2024, at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN. [Site information directly accessible at https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/uv?site_no=475408124342701.] U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 2024b, USGS 475413124351219 Quillayute R Oxbow Long Pond South nr La Push, WA, in USGS water data for the Nation: U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information

This dataset includes all files used to model groundwater-surface water exchange in the nearshore of Lake Ozette, WA, located within Olympic National Park. Sediment temperature data was collected continuously from October 2018 to April 2019 at multiple depths using temperature rods that were installed in the lakebed in a portion of the nearshore on the eastern shoreline of Lake Ozette. Temperature data was collected at depths of 1, 4, 7, 11, and 50 cm, depending on the length of the temperature rod, using internally logging iButton temperature sensors (model DS1922L). This data was part of a project that studied the impact of removing nearshore vegetation on the quality of spawning habitat of native Lake Ozette sockeye. The study area consisted of 3 areas where estimates of groundwater-surface water exchange were made. A spawning control (SC) where sockeye currently return to spawn; a vegetation control (VC) where nearshore vegetation inhibits the amount of sockeye spawning; and a vegetation treatment (TR) area where nearshore vegetation was manually removed to assess if habitat quality can be improved. Specific discharge across the sediment-water interface was estimated using the 1DTempPro V2 model; a USGS graphical user interface that solves a 1-dimensional heat flux equation (VS2DH). The 1DTempPro V2 model is available at https://code.usgs.gov/water/espd/hgb/1dtemppro. The 1DTempPro V2 model was run at 8 different sites within the study area at steady state using 1-week subsets of the data throughout the deployment period. All available depths were used from each temperature rod for the modeling of specific discharge. Note: a negative specific discharge indicates upward flow (groundwater discharge) into the lake. This data release contains the formatted sediment temperature time series data for each site (input.zip), the files needed to run the model (source.zip), and a summary of the specific discharge results at each site (output.zip). Additional details are provided in the readme.txt file.