This dataset presents cross-sectional measurements of water temperature and specific conductance at varying depths in cross sections located in three oxbow ponds adjacent to the Quillayute River in Washington. Three oxbow ponds in the abandoned meander were identified as having sufficient water depth for conducting water quality cross-section surveys. Each pond name identifier in downstream order is as follows: Gravel Pond (GP), Hockey Pond (HP) and Long Pond (LP). Each pond length was measured and partitioned into equally spaced cross-section locations. A pack raft with one team member equipped with water quality probe recorded data at each cross-section. Data was collected August 29-31, 2022, at a time when surface-water temperatures were near their annual thermal maximum.

This dataset includes all files used to model groundwater-surface water exchange at several oxbow ponds on the lower Quillayute River, WA in summer 2022. Sediment temperature data was collected continuously from July to September 2022 at multiple depths using temperature rods that were installed in the subsurface. Temperature data was collected at depths of 1, 4, 7, 11, and 50 cm using internally logging iButton temperature sensors (model DS1922L). Specific discharge across the sediment-water interface was estimated using the tempest1d model; a python-based model that solves a 1-dimensional heat flux equation (McAliley and others, 2022a, McAliley and others, 2022b). The tempest1d model was run at 13 different sites across three oxbow lakes within the study area. Estimates of hourly specific discharge values were determined throughout the deployment period. A negative specific discharge indicates upward flow (groundwater discharge) into the lake. This data release contains the formatted sediment temperature time series data for each site (Inputs.2022.zip), the files needed to run the model (Code.2022.zip), a summary of the specific discharge results at each site (Outputs.2022.zip), and a step-by-step guide on how to run the model at each location (html.output.2022.zip). Site locations are also provided as a .csv file (oxbow.sites.2020.csv). Additional details are provided in the main README file as well as specific readme files within each zip folder.. For further information about the tempest1d modeling approach, please refer to the following publications: McAliley, W.A., Rey, D.M., and Day-Lewis, F.D., 2022a, Data release for tempest1d--Recursive Estimation of Vertical Groundwater/Surface-Water Exchange using Heat Tracing: U.S. Geological Survey data release, available at https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DBTKT. McAliley, W. A., Day-Lewis, F. D., Rey, D., Briggs, M. A., Shapiro, A. M., and Werkema, D., 2022b, Application of recursive estimation to heat tracing for groundwater/surface-water exchange: Water Resources Research, v. 58, no. 6, e2021WR030443, available at https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030443.

This dataset includes all files used to model groundwater-surface water exchange at several oxbow ponds on the lower Quillayute River, WA in summer 2022. Sediment temperature data was collected continuously from July to September 2022 at multiple depths using temperature rods that were installed in the subsurface. Temperature data was collected at depths of 1, 4, 7, 11, and 50 cm using internally logging iButton temperature sensors (model DS1922L). Specific discharge across the sediment-water interface was estimated using the tempest1d model; a python-based model that solves a 1-dimensional heat flux equation (McAliley and others, 2022a, McAliley and others, 2022b). The tempest1d model was run at 13 different sites across three oxbow lakes within the study area. Estimates of hourly specific discharge values were determined throughout the deployment period. A negative specific discharge indicates upward flow (groundwater discharge) into the lake. This data release contains the formatted sediment temperature time series data for each site (Inputs.2022.zip), the files needed to run the model (Code.2022.zip), a summary of the specific discharge results at each site (Outputs.2022.zip), and a step-by-step guide on how to run the model at each location (html.output.2022.zip). Site locations are also provided as a .csv file (oxbow.sites.2020.csv). Additional details are provided in the main README file as well as specific readme files within each zip folder.. For further information about the tempest1d modeling approach, please refer to the following publications: McAliley, W.A., Rey, D.M., and Day-Lewis, F.D., 2022a, Data release for tempest1d--Recursive Estimation of Vertical Groundwater/Surface-Water Exchange using Heat Tracing: U.S. Geological Survey data release, available at https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DBTKT. McAliley, W. A., Day-Lewis, F. D., Rey, D., Briggs, M. A., Shapiro, A. M., and Werkema, D., 2022b, Application of recursive estimation to heat tracing for groundwater/surface-water exchange: Water Resources Research, v. 58, no. 6, e2021WR030443, available at https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030443.

This dataset provides a zipfile containing 20 shapefiles with geo-referenced longitudinal water temperature profiles (LTPs; .shp). Profiles were obtained from longitudinal “Lagrangian” drag-probe temperature surveys ("float surveys") of the Quillayute River. Near-streambed and near-surface water temperature and conductivity were measured at three-second intervals and the spatial locations of each measurement was recorded using a GPS from a kayak drifting downstream at ambient stream velocity following the method of Vaccaro and Maloy (2006). The study area consisted of the Quillayute River from its upstream-most point at the confluence of the Sol Duc and Bogachiel Rivers to its outlet at the Pacific Ocean (8 river kilometers). The float surveys were conducted August (Aug.) 10 and 11, 2021, and Aug. 2 and 3, 2022, during different tidal conditions. Three longitudinal profiles were measured near-simultaneously on each survey date, along the left bank, right bank, and thalweg. Each shapefile was named according to the depth of the measurements at near-surface (SRF) or near-streambed (BED), and whether it was along the left bank (L), right bank (R), or thalweg (C). Only twenty profiles are included because data from four surveys was unusable due to sensor malfunction. The missing profiles were from the following dates and sensor locations: Aug. 10, 2021, near-surface left bank; Aug. 10, 2021, near-streambed left bank; Aug. 11, 2021, near-surface right bank; and Aug. 3, 2022, near-streambed left bank. Two of the sensors used in the float surveys had temperature values adjusted by -0.2 degrees Celsius to correct for calibration drift, based on pre-survey verification readings. This correction was applied to the near-streambed thalweg surveys on Aug. 10 and 11, 2021, the near-surface right bank survey on Aug. 10, 2021, the near-streambed left bank survey on Aug. 11, 2021, and the near-surface thalweg and near-streambed right bank surveys on Aug. 2 and 3, 2022. Float surveys targeted a start time in the late morning and an end time in the late afternoon during the diurnal increase in water temperature such that deviations from the diurnal increase may be attributed to groundwater discharge, tributaries, or other sources of water that differ in temperature from the river. The data is projected in UTM10N and the horizontal datum is NAD83(2011). Reference Cited: Vaccaro, J.J., Keys, M.E., Julich, R.J., and Welch, W.B., 2008, Thermal profiles for selected river reaches in the Yakima River Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 342. [Also available online at https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/342].

This dataset provides a zipfile containing 20 shapefiles with geo-referenced longitudinal water temperature profiles (LTPs; .shp). Profiles were obtained from longitudinal “Lagrangian” drag-probe temperature surveys ("float surveys") of the Quillayute River. Near-streambed and near-surface water temperature and conductivity were measured at three-second intervals and the spatial locations of each measurement was recorded using a GPS from a kayak drifting downstream at ambient stream velocity following the method of Vaccaro and Maloy (2006). The study area consisted of the Quillayute River from its upstream-most point at the confluence of the Sol Duc and Bogachiel Rivers to its outlet at the Pacific Ocean (8 river kilometers). The float surveys were conducted August (Aug.) 10 and 11, 2021, and Aug. 2 and 3, 2022, during different tidal conditions. Three longitudinal profiles were measured near-simultaneously on each survey date, along the left bank, right bank, and thalweg. Each shapefile was named according to the depth of the measurements at near-surface (SRF) or near-streambed (BED), and whether it was along the left bank (L), right bank (R), or thalweg (C). Only twenty profiles are included because data from four surveys was unusable due to sensor malfunction. The missing profiles were from the following dates and sensor locations: Aug. 10, 2021, near-surface left bank; Aug. 10, 2021, near-streambed left bank; Aug. 11, 2021, near-surface right bank; and Aug. 3, 2022, near-streambed left bank. Two of the sensors used in the float surveys had temperature values adjusted by -0.2 degrees Celsius to correct for calibration drift, based on pre-survey verification readings. This correction was applied to the near-streambed thalweg surveys on Aug. 10 and 11, 2021, the near-surface right bank survey on Aug. 10, 2021, the near-streambed left bank survey on Aug. 11, 2021, and the near-surface thalweg and near-streambed right bank surveys on Aug. 2 and 3, 2022. Float surveys targeted a start time in the late morning and an end time in the late afternoon during the diurnal increase in water temperature such that deviations from the diurnal increase may be attributed to groundwater discharge, tributaries, or other sources of water that differ in temperature from the river. The data is projected in UTM10N and the horizontal datum is NAD83(2011). Reference Cited: Vaccaro, J.J., Keys, M.E., Julich, R.J., and Welch, W.B., 2008, Thermal profiles for selected river reaches in the Yakima River Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 342. [Also available online at https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/342].

This dataset presents paired air and stream temperature measurements from 11 sites in the Olympic Experimental State Forest within the Quillayute River Basin, and metrics to understand groundwater influence and thermal sensitivity at these sites. The study area consisted of upper reaches of the Dickey, Calawah, Sol Duc, Bogachiel Rivers, above their respective confluences with the Quillayute River. Paired, or co-located, air and stream water temperature data were collected continuously (every 60 or 120 minutes) by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources (WADNR), Forest Resources Division, between 2017 and 2022 (Minkova and Foster, 2017). Stream water temperature data were screened by WADNR to remove erroneous values corresponding to when the sensor was exposed to air. Thermal sensitivity analysis for each site was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey using only complete water years of the daily average values (October 1 to September 30, no gaps in the continuous record) from the paired data to ensure accurate thermal signal computations. Thermal signal metrics and paired air and stream temperature regression fits for each site and water year were generated using the Paired Air and Stream Temperature Analysis web application (PASTA; https://cuahsi.shinyapps.io/pasta/). Reference Cited: Minkova, T. and Foster, A., eds., 2017, Status and Trends Monitoring of Riparian and Aquatic Habitat in the Olympic Experimental State Forest: Monitoring Protocols: Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Forest Resources Division, accessed March 5, 2024, at https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/54632.

This dataset presents paired air and stream temperature measurements from 11 sites in the Olympic Experimental State Forest within the Quillayute River Basin, and metrics to understand groundwater influence and thermal sensitivity at these sites. The study area consisted of upper reaches of the Dickey, Calawah, Sol Duc, Bogachiel Rivers, above their respective confluences with the Quillayute River. Paired, or co-located, air and stream water temperature data were collected continuously (every 60 or 120 minutes) by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources (WADNR), Forest Resources Division, between 2017 and 2022 (Minkova and Foster, 2017). Stream water temperature data were screened by WADNR to remove erroneous values corresponding to when the sensor was exposed to air. Thermal sensitivity analysis for each site was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey using only complete water years of the daily average values (October 1 to September 30, no gaps in the continuous record) from the paired data to ensure accurate thermal signal computations. Thermal signal metrics and paired air and stream temperature regression fits for each site and water year were generated using the Paired Air and Stream Temperature Analysis web application (PASTA; https://cuahsi.shinyapps.io/pasta/). Reference Cited: Minkova, T. and Foster, A., eds., 2017, Status and Trends Monitoring of Riparian and Aquatic Habitat in the Olympic Experimental State Forest: Monitoring Protocols: Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Forest Resources Division, accessed March 5, 2024, at https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/54632.

The Quillayute River Basin in northwestern Washington consists of the Quillayute River and the river systems of its major tributaries, the Dickey, Sol Duc, and Bogachiel Rivers. With a drainage area of 629 square miles, the Quillayute River Basin provides important habitat for 23 distinct runs of anadromous steelhead and salmon, representing one of the largest and most productive watersheds on the Washington coast (Nelson, 1982; Hunter, 2006). The Quileute Tribe maintains treaty-protected fisheries at usual and accustomed areas in the Quillayute River Basin; however, these fisheries are currently at risk during the late summer as water temperatures within these areas may exceed the specific thermal tolerances of salmonids and other cold-water aquatic species. To inform the planning and prioritization of projects that aim to improve the availability of cold-water habitat in the Quillayute River Basin, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Quileute Tribe and Wild Salmon Center, utilized various methods to characterize the late-summer water temperature dynamics of the Quillayute River Basin. These study components and their corresponding objectives included the following: - Thermal infrared surveys to map and profile water surface temperatures and identify thermal points of interest in the Quillayute River and its major tributaries (126 river miles total). - Paired air-stream temperature analysis to evaluate the groundwater influence and thermal sensitivity of 11 sites within the Quillayute River Basin. Repeated longitudinal near-surface and near-bottom water temperature float surveys to locate temperature changes indicative of groundwater discharge and assess the tidal influence on water temperatures along the right edge, left edge, and center of the Quillayute River (20 surveys total) - Models of groundwater-surface water exchange using streambed sediment temperature data at 6 sites in the lower Quillayute River and 13 sites in the Quillayute River oxbow ponds. - Cross-sectional profiles of water temperature and specific conductance to support interpretation of continuous water temperature records collected in the Quillayute River oxbow ponds. The data from these study components are included in the Child Items of this Data Release. In addition to the data presented herein, continuous water temperature data at ten sites representing deep pools in the Quillayute River and Quillayute River oxbow ponds were collected and published on the USGS National Water Information System (USGS, 2024a-e, g-k) as part of this study, along with river stage data at an additional site on the Quillayute River (USGS, 2024f). At each of the ten pool sites water temperature was collected at two to three depths in the water column to assess thermal stratification and the potential effect of tides and groundwater discharge. A forthcoming USGS Scientific Investigations Report will provide interpretation of all data published for this study. References Cited: Hunter, J.W., 2006, Quillayute Watershed Prioritized Salmon Restoration Projects: Quileute Natural Resources, accessed May 29, 2024, at https://quileutenation.org/natural-resources/salmon-restoration/. Nelson, L.M., 1982, Streamflow and sediment transport in the Quillayute River basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-627, 33 p. [Also available online at https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr82627] U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 2024a, USGS 475408124342701 Quillayute River Oxbow Hockey Pond nr La Push, WA, in USGS water data for the Nation: U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database, accessed May 29, 2024, at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN. [Site information directly accessible at https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/uv?site_no=475408124342701.] U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 2024b, USGS 475413124351219 Quillayute R Oxbow Long Pond South nr La Push, WA, in USGS water data for the Nation: U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information

This dataset includes all files used to model groundwater-surface water exchange at mainstem locations on the lower Quillayute River, WA in summer 2021. Sediment temperature data was collected continuously from June to September 2021 at multiple depths using temperature rods that were installed into the streambed. Temperature data was collected at depths of 1, 4, 7, 11, and 50 cm using internally logging iButton temperature sensors (model DS1922L). Specific discharge across the sediment-water interface was estimated using the tempest1d model; a python-based model that solves a 1-dimensional heat flux equation (McAliley and others, 2022a; McAliley and others, 2022b). The tempest1d model was run at 6 different sites within the study area. Estimates of hourly specific discharge values were determined throughout the deployment period. A negative specific discharge indicates upward flow (groundwater discharge) into the lake. This data release contains the formatted sediment temperature time series data for each site (Inputs.2021.zip), the files needed to run the model (Code.2021.zip), a summary of the specific discharge results at each site (Outputs.2021.zip), and a step-by-step guide on how to run the model at each location (html.output.2021.zip). Study locations are also provided as a .csv file (quillayute.sites.2021.csv). Additional details are provided in the main README file as well as specific readme files within each zip folder.. For further information about the tempest1d modeling approach, please refer to the following publications: McAliley, W.A., Rey, D.M., and Day-Lewis, F.D., 2022a, Data release for tempest1d--Recursive Estimation of Vertical Groundwater/Surface-Water Exchange using Heat Tracing: U.S. Geological Survey data release, available at https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DBTKT. McAliley, W. A., Day-Lewis, F. D., Rey, D., Briggs, M. A., Shapiro, A. M., and Werkema, D., 2022b, Application of recursive estimation to heat tracing for groundwater/surface-water exchange: Water Resources Research, v. 58, no. 6, e2021WR030443, available at https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030443.

This data release contains a dataset of continuous in-situ water temperature records from multiple federal, state, local agencies, non-profit organizations, and private industry partners across 788 locations within the Willamette River Basin (WRB) from years 2011 to 2024. This dataset complements and extends the existing multi-agency NorWeST water temperature dataset for the Willamette River Basin which includes records through 2011, by adding new sites and expanding the period of interest through 2024. This work was conducted as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Next Generation Water Observation System (NGWOS) and Integrated Water Availability Assessments (IWAAs) projects to characterize spatial and temporal patterns in water temperature and support trends and modeling assessments by IWAAs. The data will also inform site selection in future multi-agency efforts to fill in monitoring gaps and reduce redundancy. This data release includes three files. The first (Willamette_WT_Unit_Values.csv) is a dataset of continuous water temperature data in csv format where data from multiple sources were merged into a single dataset. The second file is a zip file containing a shapefile of all locations with continuous water temperature data contained in this data release (Willamette_WT_Sites.zip). The third file (Willamette_WT_Sites.csv) contains a csv file listing the locations of each water temperature record contained in this data release.