The Central Valley, and particularly the San Joaquin Valley, has a long history of land subsidence caused by groundwater development. The extensive withdrawal of groundwater from the unconsolidated deposits of the San Joaquin Valley lowered groundwater levels and caused widespread land subsidence—reaching 9 meters by 1981. More than half of the thickness of the aquifer system is composed of fine-grained sediments, including clays, silts, and sandy or silty clays that are susceptible to compaction. In an effort to aid water managers in understanding how water moves through the aquifer system, predicting water-supply scenarios, and addressing issues related to water competition, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) developed a new hydrologic modeling tool, the Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM; Faunt and others 2009). The data presented in this data release will be used to facilitate updates to the original CVHM, and represent aquifer-system compaction observations (measurements) using borehole extensometer data during 1958–2018 by USGS, California Department of Water Resources, San Luis and Delta-Mendota Water Agency, and Luhdorff and Scalmanini Consulting Engineers. For a more detailed description of borehole extensometer methods, please see Sneed and others (2013; 2018).

The Central Valley, and particularly the San Joaquin Valley, has a long history of land subsidence caused by groundwater development. The extensive withdrawal of groundwater from the unconsolidated deposits of the San Joaquin Valley lowered groundwater levels and caused widespread land subsidence—reaching 9 meters by 1981. More than half of the thickness of the aquifer system is composed of fine-grained sediments, including clays, silts, and sandy or silty clays that are susceptible to compaction. In an effort to aid water managers in understanding how water moves through the aquifer system, predicting water-supply scenarios, and addressing issues related to water competition, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) developed a new hydrologic modeling tool, the Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM; Faunt and others 2009). The data presented in this data release will be used to facilitate updates to the original CVHM, and represent aquifer-system compaction observations (measurements) using borehole extensometer data during 1958–2018 by USGS, California Department of Water Resources, San Luis and Delta-Mendota Water Agency, and Luhdorff and Scalmanini Consulting Engineers. For a more detailed description of borehole extensometer methods, please see Sneed and others (2013; 2018).

The Central Valley, and particularly the San Joaquin Valley, has a long history of land subsidence caused by groundwater development. The extensive withdrawal of groundwater from the unconsolidated deposits of the San Joaquin Valley lowered groundwater levels and caused widespread land subsidence—reaching 9 meters by 1981. More than half of the thickness of the aquifer system is composed of fine-grained sediments, including clays, silts, and sandy or silty clays that are susceptible to compaction. In an effort to aid water managers in understanding how water moves through the aquifer system, predicting water-supply scenarios, and addressing issues related to water competition, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) developed a new hydrologic modeling tool, the Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM; Faunt and others 2009). The data presented in this data release will be used to facilitate updates to the original CVHM, and represent aquifer-system compaction observations (measurements) using borehole extensometer data during 1958–2018 by USGS, California Department of Water Resources, San Luis and Delta-Mendota Water Agency, and Luhdorff and Scalmanini Consulting Engineers. For a more detailed description of borehole extensometer methods, please see Sneed and others (2013; 2018).

The Central Valley, and particularly the San Joaquin Valley, has a long history of land subsidence caused by groundwater development. The extensive withdrawal of groundwater from the unconsolidated deposits of the San Joaquin Valley lowered groundwater levels and caused widespread land subsidence—reaching 9 meters by 1981. More than half of the thickness of the aquifer system is composed of fine-grained sediments, including clays, silts, and sandy or silty clays that are susceptible to compaction. In an effort to aid water managers in understanding how water moves through the aquifer system, predicting water-supply scenarios, and addressing issues related to water competition, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) developed a new hydrologic modeling tool, the Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM; Faunt and others 2009). The data presented in this data release will be used to facilitate updates to the original CVHM, and represent aquifer-system compaction observations (measurements) using borehole extensometer data during 1958–2018 by USGS, California Department of Water Resources, San Luis and Delta-Mendota Water Agency, and Luhdorff and Scalmanini Consulting Engineers. For a more detailed description of borehole extensometer methods, please see Sneed and others (2013; 2018).

The Central Valley, and particularly the San Joaquin Valley, has a long history of land subsidence caused by groundwater development. The extensive withdrawal of groundwater from the unconsolidated deposits of the San Joaquin Valley lowered groundwater levels and caused widespread land subsidence—reaching 9 meters by 1981. More than half of the thickness of the aquifer system is composed of fine-grained sediments, including clays, silts, and sandy or silty clays that are susceptible to compaction. In an effort to aid water managers in understanding how water moves through the aquifer system, predicting water-supply scenarios, and addressing issues related to water competition, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) developed a new hydrologic modeling tool, the Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM; Faunt and others 2009). The data presented in this data release will be used to facilitate updates to the original CVHM and represent subsidence observations (measurements) using geodetic surveys during 1926–2021 by USGS, Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), California Department of Water Resources (DWR), National Geodetic Survey (NGS), and San Luis and Delta-Mendota Water Agency (SLDMWA). In the context of this report, subsidence is defined as the lowering of the land-surface elevation as a result of aquifer-system compaction and is calculated by differencing repeated measurements. While the model only goes through 2019, the 2021 data is included in this data release for completeness. For a more detailed description of geodetic survey methods, please see Poland and others (1975) and Sneed and others (2020).

The Central Valley, and particularly the San Joaquin Valley, has a long history of land subsidence caused by groundwater development. The extensive withdrawal of groundwater from the unconsolidated deposits of the San Joaquin Valley lowered groundwater levels and caused widespread land subsidence—reaching 9 meters by 1981. More than half of the thickness of the aquifer system is composed of fine-grained sediments, including clays, silts, and sandy or silty clays that are susceptible to compaction. In an effort to aid water managers in understanding how water moves through the aquifer system, predicting water-supply scenarios, and addressing issues related to water competition, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) developed a new hydrologic modeling tool, the Central Valley Hydrologic Model (CVHM; Faunt and others 2009). The data presented in this data release will be used to facilitate updates to the original CVHM and represent subsidence observations (measurements) using geodetic surveys during 1926–2021 by USGS, Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), California Department of Water Resources (DWR), National Geodetic Survey (NGS), and San Luis and Delta-Mendota Water Agency (SLDMWA). In the context of this report, subsidence is defined as the lowering of the land-surface elevation as a result of aquifer-system compaction and is calculated by differencing repeated measurements. While the model only goes through 2019, the 2021 data is included in this data release for completeness. For a more detailed description of geodetic survey methods, please see Poland and others (1975) and Sneed and Brandt (2020).

This lidar dataset was collected for William Krugh at California State University, Bakersfield as part of the Center for Climate and Natural Resource Solutions for Water-limited Regions project. This project is part of NSF's Center for Research Excellence in Science and Technology (CREST) program. Roughly 252 km2 of data were collected over the Kern River Canyon east of Bakersfield, CA.

This data release contains displacement and pore-water pressure data from a field experiment performed November 14, 2003, at Mount Kaba-san, Japan. This experiment generated a shallow landslide, induced by water infiltration from overhead sprinkling, that mobilized into a debris flow. More information about this experiment can be found in Ochiai and others (2004). Extensometer data recorded the ground-surface locations (displacement) and pressure transducers recorded dynamic pore-water pressures within the hillslope leading up to and through rapid failure. Data were recorded at a 100-Hz sampling frequency on a National Instruments data-acquisition system. The accompanying cross-sectional diagram (Japan_exp_cross-section.png) illustrates the general instrument configuration at the start of the experiment. Extensometers (linear position transducers) were attached to the overhead sprinkling structure and their wire cables (that extend with displacement) were attached to ground anchors downslope of the instruments. These instruments with retractable wire rope cables were manufactured by UniMeasure. Extensometer 4 had a longer wire length to better record the transition from slow sliding motion to rapid debris flow. Extensometer Model Approx. wire length range (m) 3 JX-PA-80-N11-11S-111 2 4 HX-PA-400 8 5 JX-PA-80-N11-11S-111 2 Piezometers were directly buried pressure transducers encased in custom-built cylindrical housings (43 mm in diameter, 93 mm long) with sintered filters at their bases (refer to Japan_exp_piezometer_images.jpg). The transducers within the enclosures were manufactured by Druk, model PDCR800, with a range of 70 kiloPascals (kPa) gauge pressure. Each enclosure had two sealable tubes that extended to the ground surface after burial. These tubes allowed water to be injected into the enclosure through one tube and air to escape out the other tube. This configuration enabled full water saturation of the enclosed transducer sensors, rapid pressure transmission to the sensor diaphragms, and better recording of dynamic responses during rapid failure. This data release contains the following files: (1) Metadata for this data release. (2) Data (in csv format) from the entire experiment (until about six minutes after rapid failure) downsampled to 1-Hz for ease of viewing and plotting. Time in seconds denotes time after overhead sprinkling commenced. (3) Data (in csv format) from the rapid-failure period (24620-24640 seconds) at 100-Hz to portray dynamic responses during rapid failure. (4) Image of experiment cross section showing instrument locations and landslide failure mass. (5) Images of piezometers consisting of pressure transducers and enclosures. Extensometer data is presented as raw recorded position (m) and corrected position (m) to reflect downslope, rather than oblique, displacement. Refer to Processing Steps in the metadata for more information on extensometer data corrections. Pore-pressure data is presented in recorded centimeters of head and converted to kPa. Reference cited Ochiai, H., Okada, Y., Furuya, G., Okura, Y., Matsui, T., Sammori, T., Terajima, T. and Sassa, K., 2004, A fluidized landslide on a natural slope by artificial rainfall: Landslides, v. 1, p. 211-219.