The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected porewater samples from nine suction lysimeters in 2018, 2019, and 2021 for analysis of organic and inorganic constituents from the National Crude Oil Spill Fate and Natural Attenuation Research Site near Bemidji, MN. In August of 1979, approximately 1,700,000 L (liters), or 10,700 barrels, of crude oil spilled onto a glacial outwash aquifer. Sampled lysimeters included L310-1.5, L310-4.5, L1802-1.8, L9014-1.5, L9014-3.0, L9014-4.5, L9017-1.3, L9017-2.5, and L9017-3.7. This data release presents data on analytes that are important indicators of biodegradation processes. Some of these analytes, if present in elevated concentrations, can be a concern regarding potential effects on human health and the environment. There is one tabulated data set containing concentrations of non-volatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC), ammonium (NH3-N), orthophosphate, alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3-), major inorganic anions, cations, and trace elements. The supporting metadata file contains site information, field and laboratory methods, water chemistry, and quality-control results. Samples were analyzed in the Reston Biogeochemical Processes in Groundwater Laboratory (RBPGL) in Reston, VA, and by a contract lab, Meadowlands Environmental Research Institute (MERI) in Lyndhurst, NJ.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected porewater samples from nine suction lysimeters in 2018, 2019, and 2021 for analysis of organic and inorganic constituents from the National Crude Oil Spill Fate and Natural Attenuation Research Site near Bemidji, MN. In August of 1979, approximately 1,700,000 L (liters), or 10,700 barrels, of crude oil spilled onto a glacial outwash aquifer. Sampled lysimeters included L310-1.5, L310-4.5, L1802-1.8, L9014-1.5, L9014-3.0, L9014-4.5, L9017-1.3, L9017-2.5, and L9017-3.7. This data release presents data on analytes that are important indicators of biodegradation processes. Some of these analytes, if present in elevated concentrations, can be a concern regarding potential effects on human health and the environment. There is one tabulated data set containing concentrations of non-volatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC), ammonium (NH3-N), orthophosphate, alkalinity as bicarbonate (HCO3-), major inorganic anions, cations, and trace elements. The supporting metadata file contains site information, field and laboratory methods, water chemistry, and quality-control results. Samples were analyzed in the Reston Biogeochemical Processes in Groundwater Laboratory (RBPGL) in Reston, VA, and by a contract lab, Meadowlands Environmental Research Institute (MERI) in Lyndhurst, NJ.

This dataset contains information from groundwater monitoring wells at the National Crude Oil Spill Fate and Natural Attenuation Research Site near Bemidji, Minnesota, USA. The information includes field and laboratory methods, site locations, and inorganic and organic chemistry data. Samples were collected between 2009 and 2023, and analyzed for inorganic anions: F (fluoride), Cl (chloride), Br (bromide), NO3 (nitrate), PO4 (phosphate), SO4 (sulfate), and cations: Ca (calcium), Na, (sodium), Mg (magnesium), K (potassium), Si (silicon), Sr (strontium), Al (aluminum), Fe (iron), Mn (manganese), Ba (barium), B (boron), Li (lithium), Ag (silver), As (arsenic), Be (beryllium), Bi (bismuth), Cd (cadmium), Ce (cerium), Co (cobalt), Cs (cesium), Cr (chromium), Cu (copper), La (lanthanum), Mo (molybdenum), Ni (nickel), Pb (lead), Rb (rubidium), Sb (antimony), Se (selenium), Sn (tin), Th (thorium), Tl (thallium), U (uranium), V (vanadium), W (tungsten), and Zn (zinc). Additionally, samples were analyzed for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o, m, p-xylene, total VHC (30 volatile hydrocarbons), NVDOC (non-volatile dissolved organic carbon), methane, ammonia as nitrogen, alkalinity as HCO3 (bicarbonate), and LMWOA (low molecular weight organic acids; lactate, acetate, propionate, formate, butyrate, pyruvate, and benzoate). The following analyses were performed during a select number of years: delta 13C of DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon) delta 13C of DOC, (dissolved organic carbon) and delta 2H in H2O, delta 18O in H2O. Field measurements for specific conductance, pH, and dissolved oxygen were measured daily. Water levels were measured during the sampling events. The supporting metadata files contain site information, field and laboratory methods, water chemistry, and quality-control results. There are three tables.

This dataset contains information from groundwater monitoring wells at the National Crude Oil Spill Fate and Natural Attenuation Research Site near Bemidji, Minnesota, USA. The information includes field and laboratory methods, site locations, and inorganic and organic chemistry data. Samples were collected between 2009 and 2023, and analyzed for inorganic anions: F (fluoride), Cl (chloride), Br (bromide), NO3 (nitrate), PO4 (phosphate), SO4 (sulfate), and cations: Ca (calcium), Na, (sodium), Mg (magnesium), K (potassium), Si (silicon), Sr (strontium), Al (aluminum), Fe (iron), Mn (manganese), Ba (barium), B (boron), Li (lithium), Ag (silver), As (arsenic), Be (beryllium), Bi (bismuth), Cd (cadmium), Ce (cerium), Co (cobalt), Cs (cesium), Cr (chromium), Cu (copper), La (lanthanum), Mo (molybdenum), Ni (nickel), Pb (lead), Rb (rubidium), Sb (antimony), Se (selenium), Sn (tin), Th (thorium), Tl (thallium), U (uranium), V (vanadium), W (tungsten), and Zn (zinc). Additionally, samples were analyzed for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o, m, p-xylene, total VHC (30 volatile hydrocarbons), NVDOC (non-volatile dissolved organic carbon), methane, ammonia as nitrogen, alkalinity as HCO3 (bicarbonate), and LMWOA (low molecular weight organic acids; lactate, acetate, propionate, formate, butyrate, pyruvate, and benzoate). The following analyses were performed during a select number of years: delta 13C of DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon) delta 13C of DOC, (dissolved organic carbon) and delta 2H in H2O, delta 18O in H2O. Field measurements for specific conductance, pH, and dissolved oxygen were measured daily. Water levels were measured during the sampling events. The supporting metadata files contain site information, field and laboratory methods, water chemistry, and quality-control results. There are three tables.

This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Data Release provides analytical data from samples and measurements completed at the National Crude Oil Spill Fate and Natural Attenuation Research Site near Bemidji, Minnesota (Site) between 1984 and 2010. Included are inorganic and organic chemistry data from water, oil, and sediment samples, hydraulic conductivity data from well slug tests, and sediment grain-size distribution data from core samples. Most of these data sets have been described in previously published peer-reviewed reports, however the tabular data sets were not available with these publications. This data release provides the data in a tabular, database-ready format. Each result value in the data sets is coded to describe the kind of sample collected, the material that was analyzed, the method of analysis, and the publication where the value was originally published. Some sample codes are taken from the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System (NWIS, https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis) and the remaining codes were developed specifically for Site data. Data dictionaries containing code definitions are available at a companion data release titled "Sampling site information, well construction details, and data dictionaries for data sets associated with the National Crude Oil Spill Fate and Natural Attenuation Site near Bemidji, Minnesota", available at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7736PDR. In 1979, a high-pressure pipeline carrying crude oil burst near the city of Bemidji, Minnesota and spilled approximately 1.7 million liters (10,700 barrels) of crude oil into glacial outwash deposits. Since 1983, scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with scientists from academic institutions, industry, and the regulatory community have conducted extensive investigations of multiphase flow and transport, volatilization, dissolution, geochemical interactions, microbial populations, and biodegradation with the goal of providing an improved understanding of the natural processes limiting the extent of hydrocarbon contamination. Long-term field studies at Bemidji have illustrated that the fate of hydrocarbons evolves with time, and a snap-shot study of a hydrocarbon plume may not provide information that is of relevance to the long-term behavior of the plume during natural attenuation. The research at the site has been supported primarily by the U.S. Geological Survey's Toxic Substances Hydrology Program.

This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Data Release provides data from samples and measurements completed at the National Crude Oil Spill Fate and Natural Attenuation Research Site near Bemidji, Minnesota (Site) since 1983. This is version 3.0 of this data release, and it now contains 11 data sets. The content of these data sets include inorganic and organic chemistry data from water, oil, and sediment samples, hydraulic conductivity data from well slug tests, sediment grain-size distribution data from core samples, and water- and oil-level data. Most of these data sets have been described in previously published peer-reviewed reports. This data release provides data sets that were not included with the original publications in a tabular, database-ready format. Each result value in the data sets is coded to describe the kind of sample collected, the material that was analyzed, the method of analysis, and the publication where the value was originally published. Some sample codes are taken from the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System (NWIS, https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis) and the remaining codes were developed specifically for Site data. Data dictionaries containing code definitions are available at a companion data release titled "Sampling site information, well construction details, and data dictionaries for data sets associated with the National Crude Oil Spill Fate and Natural Attenuation Site near Bemidji, Minnesota", available at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7736PDR. The National Crude Oil Spill Fate and Natural Attenuation Research Site is located where a high-pressure pipeline carrying crude oil burst in 1979 and spilled approximately 1.7 million liters (10,700 barrels) of crude oil into glacial outwash deposits. Since 1983, scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with scientists from academic institutions, industry, and the regulatory community have conducted extensive investigations of multiphase flow and transport, volatilization, dissolution, geochemical interactions, microbial populations, and biodegradation with the goal of providing an improved understanding of the natural processes limiting the extent of hydrocarbon contamination. Long-term field studies at Bemidji have illustrated that the fate of hydrocarbons evolves with time, and a snap-shot study of a hydrocarbon plume may not provide information that is of relevance to the long-term behavior of the plume during natural attenuation. The research at the site has been supported primarily by the U.S. Geological Survey's Toxic Substances Hydrology Program.

This U.S. Geological Survey data release provides detailed sampling site information, hole and well construction details, and data dictionaries necessary to interpret historical and future physical, chemical, and biological data sets derived from samples collected and measurements made in association with the National Crude Oil Spill Fate and Natural Attenuation Research Site. In 1979, a high-pressure pipeline carrying crude oil burst near the city of Bemidji, Minnesota and spilled approximately 1.7 million liters (10,700 barrels) of crude oil into glacial outwash deposits (Essaid and others, 2011). Since 1983, scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with scientists from academic institutions, industry, and the regulatory community have conducted extensive investigations of multiphase flow and transport, volatilization, dissolution, geochemical interactions, microbial populations, and biodegradation with the goal of providing an improved understanding of the natural processes limiting the extent of hydrocarbon contamination. Long-term field studies at Bemidji have illustrated that the fate of hydrocarbons evolves with time, and a snap-shot study of a hydrocarbon plume may not provide information that is of relevance to the long-term behavior of the plume during natural attenuation. The research at the site has been supported primarily by the U.S. Geological Survey's Toxic Substances Hydrology Program.

Management of petroleum-impacted waters by monitored natural attenuation (MNA) requires an understanding of the toxicology of both the original compounds released as well as the transformation products formed during natural breakdown. Here, we report data from a groundwater plume consisting of a mixture of crude oil compounds and transformation products resulting from a crude-oil release in August, 1979 near Bemidji, MN, USA. Water samples were characterized for activation of 52 human nuclear receptor (NR) activities and 50 transcriptional pathways associated with toxic responses. Five replicate analyses were performed for each solution at strengths of 1, 3, and 10 times the sample concentration. Radar plots of the results for each sample and strength are provided.

This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Data Release is focused on the geochemistry of wells within the oil zone and groundwater monitoring wells away from the oiled zone at the National Crude Oil Spill Fate and Natural Attenuation Research Site, Bemidji MN (USA) from 1985-2015. The site located in Beltrami County is where a high-pressure pipeline carrying crude oil burst in 1979 and spilled approximately 1.7 million liters (10,700 barrels) of crude oil into glacial outwash deposits. Researchers and scientists from government agencies, academic institutions, the regulatory community, and private companies have conducted extensive investigations of groundwater geochemistry in hopes of understanding the evolution of plumes and the fate of the hydrocarbons within them. Laboratory measurements of BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, o, p, m-Xylene), Total VHC (Volatile (30) hydrocarbons), NVDOC (Non-Volatile Dissolved Organic Carbon), CH4 (methane), FeT (Iron Total), Mn2+ (Manganese), Si (Silicon), NH4+ (ammonium), AsT (Arsenic Total), Alkalinity as HCO3- (Bicarbonate), Cl (Chloride), Acetate, Formate, and Propionate (Organic Acid Anions), and δ13C of DIC (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) are included in this data release. There are six files (*.xlsx and *.csv) in this dataset: 1) Data Dictionary, 2) Water/Oil Chemistry in the North and South Oil Pools in 2010, 3) Benzene/Naphthalene ratios in oil and water, 4) Selected volatile and semi-volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in the North Oil Pool (2010-2015), 5) Concentrations of δ13C of DIC and methane from 1985 to 2015, and 6) Concentrations of NVDOC from 1986 to 2015.

In crude-oil-contaminant plumes the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is mainly hydrocarbon degradation intermediates only partly quantified by the diesel range total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPHd) method. To understand potential biological effects of degradation intermediates we tested three fractions of DOC: (1) solid phase extract (HLB); (2) dichloromethane (DCM-total) extract used in TPHd; and (3) DCM extract with hydrocarbons isolated by silica gel cleanup (DCM-SGC). Bioactivity of extracts from five wells spanning a range of DOC was tested using an in vitro multiplex reporter system that evaluates modulation of activity of 46 transcription factors; extracts were evaluated at concentrations equivalent to the well water samples. The aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) and pregnane X (PXR) transcription factors showed the greatest upregulation; with HLB exceeding DCM-total, and no upregulation in the hydrocarbon fraction (DCM-SGC). The HLB extracts were further studied with HepG2 CALUX in vitro assays at nine concentrations ranging from 40 to 0.01 times the well water concentrations. Reponses decreased with distance from the source but were still present at two wells without detectable hydrocarbons. Thus, our in vitro assay results indicate that risks associated with degradation intermediates of hydrocarbons in groundwater will be under estimated when protocols that remove these chemicals are employed.