Mineral compositions are reported for Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Matan volcanic center, northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia. Compositions were measured by wavelength-dispersive methods with the 5-spectrometer JEOL-8900 electron microprobe at the USGS facility in Menlo Park, California; background-corrected X-ray intensities were reduced to oxide weight concentrations with the JEOL proprietary version of the CITZAF reduction schema. These results are part of a collaborative study by the U.S. Geological Survey and Saudi Geological survey to assess the volcanic and seismic hazards associated with the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field.

Electron probe microanalytical data of minerals and glass from rock samples from Pavlof Volcano, Alaska, Raw Data File 2022-7, presents electron microprobe analytical data from minerals from lava samples collected at Pavlof Volcano by Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) geologist Jessica Larsen during fieldwork in 2017 and from tephra samples described in Waythomas and others (2017). Samples include those produced during recent eruptions of Pavlof in 1986, 1996, 2007, 2013, 2014, and 2016. Pavlof Volcano is an undissected stratovolcano located approximately 58 km northeast of Cold Bay, in the southwestern portion of the Alaska Peninsula. Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) data are reported from the major mineral phases: orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, and magnetite. Sample descriptions, locations, and types are included in the metadata associated with the analytical data table. The data are available from the DGGS website: http://doi.org/10.14509/30854.

This dataset includes X-ray fluorescence (XRF) major-oxide and trace-elements analysis and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) trace-element analysis of Cenozoic, mainly Quaternary, basalts, hawaiites, mugearites, benmoreites, and trachytes from the northern third of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These samples were collected and analyzed to support geologic mapping of the volcanic field and reconstruction of its volcanic history as part of a collaborative project between the Saudi Geological Survey (SGS) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), supported by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Chemical analyses were performed at the GeoAnalytical Laboratory of Washington State University in Pullman, Washington, USA under contract with the USGS. Secondary minerals consisting mainly of zeolites, sulfates, and carbonates are present in pores in many of the collected rocks, and their abundances were reduced or eliminated prior to chemical analysis by hand-picking, followed by soaking rock chips in hot deionized water, and then extended ultrasonication in deionized water. Chemical compositions were further screened to exclude samples with original analytical totals of less than 94 weight percent, yielding a total of 691 samples with acceptable analyses presented in this data release, along with their sample names (called "Stations"), locations as easting and northing (in WGS1984 UTM Zone 37N), stratigraphic abbreviations (called "StratCode") defined in an associated geologic map, XRF and ICP-MS analyses, and other published references.

The data are the results of mass spectrometer experiments to measure 40Ar/39Ar ages of groundmass and mineral separates from volcanic rocks in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data were collected using a MAP216 noble gas mass spectrometer at the USGS facility in Menlo Park, Calif. These data were collected as part of a collaborative study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and Saudi Geological survey to assess the volcanic and seismic hazards associated with the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field.

Mine waste, including mill tailings, could host substantial critical mineral resources. Developing an understanding of the mineral hosts and occurrence of critical minerals in mine waste is essential to evaluating their resource potential. Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) and sedimentary-exhalative (SEDEX) deposits are important global sources of copper, zinc, lead, gold, and silver, and may contain economic to sub-economic concentrations of critical mineral commodities including cobalt, nickel, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Waste material from these deposit types typically contains significant concentrations of the gangue sulfide minerals pyrite and pyrrhotite, which are known to host trace to weight-percent concentrations of some critical minerals such as Co, Ni, or As. Pyrite and pyrrhotite also represent a potential environmental liability when associated with mine waste because their weathering generates acid-mine drainage. Identifying additional value in these minerals may encourage mine waste reprocessing, helping to mitigate their environmental effects. Comparing the geochemistry of pyrite and pyrrhotite in tailings and ore samples allows the composition of the ore material to be correlated to the composition and critical mineral endowment of existing or potential waste from that deposit. This data release provides micro-analytical geochemical information on pyrite and pyrrhotite in tailings and ores from volcanogenic massive sulfide and sedimentary-exhalative zinc-lead deposits in order to determine the mineralogical hosts (that is, inclusions or in solid solution within the crystal lattice) and range in concentrations of critical minerals. Pyrite and pyrrhotite grains in tailings and ore samples from deposits in the United States (Ducktown VMS, Elizabeth VMS, Bald Mountain VMS, Callahan VMS, Cofer VMS, Iron Mountain VMS, Red Dog SEDEX), Finland (Kotalahti VMS, Luikonlahti VMS, Hammaslahti VMS), Canada (Corbet VMS, Kidd Creek VMS, Anvil-Faro SEDEX, Sullivan SEDEX), and Australia (McArthur River SEDEX) were analyzed for their trace element chemistry using laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Additionally, pyrites in samples from the epithermal Katherine mine in AZ, USA were analyzed by LA-ICP-MS. These data represent spot chemical analyses in parts per million (ppm) collected using an Applied Spectra Resolution S155 laser-ablation system and an Agilent 8900 mass spectrometer at the USGS L-TRACE laboratory in Denver, CO. Raw data were analyzed using the software program LADR (https://norsci.com/?p=ladr). One .csv file is provided (PyPo-VMS-SEDEX_2024_LAICPMS.csv) that detail the measurements collected, analytical error, and measurement conditions. Samples from the Elizabeth (USA), Cofer (USA), and Hammaslahti (FIN) VMS deposits, and the Anvil-Faro SEDEX deposit (CAN) were analyzed using electron microprobe analyses. These data represent chemical analyses in weight percent (wt%) collected using a JEOL 8530F Plus SuperProbe electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) in the USGS Denver Microbeam Laboratory in Denver, CO on pyrite and pyrrhotite grains in tailings. A text file of results is provided in comma-separated by value (csv) format. The file has the name “PyPo-VMS-SEDEX_2023_EPMA.csv”.

Isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 176Hf/177Hf, 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb) and major oxide and trace element concentrations of Quaternary basalts, hawaiites, mugearites, benmoreites, and trachytes from northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 176Hf/177Hf, 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb) and major oxide and trace element concentrations of Quaternary basalts, hawaiites, mugearites, benmoreites, and trachytes from northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.