This dataset includes X-ray fluorescence (XRF) major-oxide and trace-elements analysis and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) trace-element analysis of Cenozoic, mainly Quaternary, basalts, hawaiites, mugearites, benmoreites, and trachytes from the northern third of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These samples were collected and analyzed to support geologic mapping of the volcanic field and reconstruction of its volcanic history as part of a collaborative project between the Saudi Geological Survey (SGS) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), supported by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Chemical analyses were performed at the GeoAnalytical Laboratory of Washington State University in Pullman, Washington, USA under contract with the USGS. Secondary minerals consisting mainly of zeolites, sulfates, and carbonates are present in pores in many of the collected rocks, and their abundances were reduced or eliminated prior to chemical analysis by hand-picking, followed by soaking rock chips in hot deionized water, and then extended ultrasonication in deionized water. Chemical compositions were further screened to exclude samples with original analytical totals of less than 94 weight percent, yielding a total of 691 samples with acceptable analyses presented in this data release, along with their sample names (called "Stations"), locations as easting and northing (in WGS1984 UTM Zone 37N), stratigraphic abbreviations (called "StratCode") defined in an associated geologic map, XRF and ICP-MS analyses, and other published references.

Isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 176Hf/177Hf, 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb) and major oxide and trace element concentrations of Quaternary basalts, hawaiites, mugearites, benmoreites, and trachytes from northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 176Hf/177Hf, 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb) and major oxide and trace element concentrations of Quaternary basalts, hawaiites, mugearites, benmoreites, and trachytes from northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The data are the results of mass spectrometer experiments to measure 40Ar/39Ar ages of groundmass and mineral separates from volcanic rocks in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data were collected using a MAP216 noble gas mass spectrometer at the USGS facility in Menlo Park, Calif. These data were collected as part of a collaborative study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and Saudi Geological survey to assess the volcanic and seismic hazards associated with the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field.

Mineral compositions are reported for Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Matan volcanic center, northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia. Compositions were measured by wavelength-dispersive methods with the 5-spectrometer JEOL-8900 electron microprobe at the USGS facility in Menlo Park, California; background-corrected X-ray intensities were reduced to oxide weight concentrations with the JEOL proprietary version of the CITZAF reduction schema. These results are part of a collaborative study by the U.S. Geological Survey and Saudi Geological survey to assess the volcanic and seismic hazards associated with the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field.

The Harrat Rahat volcanic field, located in the west-central part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is the largest of 15 harrats (Arabic for 'volcanic field') hosted within the Arabian plate. Harrat Rahat is 50 to 75 km wide (east-west) and 300 km long (north-south), covering an area of approximately 20,000 square kilometers and encompassing more than 900 observable vents. The overall map area and its dataset show the volcanic geology of the northern part (about 3,340 square kilometers) of Harrat Rahat, at a scale of 1:75,000. Two additional map areas and their feature classes highlight areas of interest at 1:25,000 scale. Northern Harrat Rahat is of interest owing to the location of the city of Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah (hereafter, referred to as Al-Madinah), which sits atop (and is recently expanding over) the north end of the volcanic field. Al-Madinah is home to more than 1.5 million residents, and the city experiences an additional influx of approximately 3 million pilgrims annually. The downtown area of Al-Madinah is less than 8 km from lava flows of the only confirmed historical eruption (unit bla; eruptive stage 1), which occurred in 1256 C.E.

This dataset consists of one table containing whole-rock geochemistry data for 753 igneous and metamorphic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana upland of eastern interior Alaska, collected between 2013 and 2019. All materials were analyzed by ALS Global, between 2014 and 2020, by a range of different techniques, so multiple unique entries for a given element relate to different analytical methods or preparations, as detailed in accompanying metadata.

Kilauea volcano (Hawaii, USA) is a shield volcano that exhibits both effusive and explosive eruptive activity. Although Kilauea has been predominantly built through effusive eruptions, explosive eruptions have occurred repeatedly at both Kilauea's summit and in the volcano's lower East Rift Zone (Moore, 1992; Swanson et al., 2014). This dataset presents geochemical analyses of samples from Kapoho Crater and Puulena Crater, which formed during powerful explosive eruptions in Kilauea's lower East Rift Zone. The eruption ages of Kapoho Crater and Puulena Crater are estimated to be ~1400-1700 CE and 1250-1600 CE, respectively, based on correlations with dated regional lava flows (Moore and Trusdell, 1991). The samples in this dataset are from the Kapoho Crater tuff cone, a younger scoria-forming eruption within Kapoho Crater, bulk tephra and ejected bombs from Puulena Crater, and lava flows exposed in the walls of Puulena Crater. All samples were analyzed to determine whole-rock compositions. Samples from the Kapoho Crater tuff cone and the younger scoria deposits within Kapoho Crater were additionally analyzed for mineral, matrix glass, and melt inclusion geochemistry. Whole rock analyses were done by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) at Hamilton Laboratory, New York. Minerals and quenched glasses (matrix glass and melt inclusions) were analyzed by electron microprobe (EPMA) at the University of Oregon to determine major element compositions (including sulfur and chlorine). A subset of matrix glasses and melt inclusions were also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, Washington, to determine H2O and CO2 concentrations to understand volatile behavior and make barometric estimates. Samples of Puulena Crater ash and Kapoho Crater tuff cone were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at the USGS California Volcano Observatory to further identify magmatic minerals and alteration phases. This data release contains individual files for the whole-rock analyses, the glass analyses, and the mineral analyses, as well as analyzed standards for the EPMA calibration. Detailed descriptions of the analytical methodologies used are included as a document within this data release. See Hazlett et al. (2024) for a discussion of these data, including geochemical context and figures. REFERENCES: Hazlett, R.W., Schmith, J., Lerner, A.H., Downs, D.T., Fitch, E.P., Parcheta, C.E., Gansecki, C.A., Spaulding, S., 2024, Origins and Nature of Large Explosive Eruptions in the Lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Insights from Ash Characterization and Geochemistry. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 452, 108114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2024.108114 Moore, R.B., 1992, Volcanic geology and eruption frequency, lower east rift zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology 54, 475-483. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301393 Moore, R.B., Trusdell, F. A., 1991, Geologic map of the lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2225, 1: 24,000 Swanson, D.A., Rose, T.R., Mucek, A.E., Garcia, M.O., Fiske, R.S., Mastin, L.G., 2014, Cycles of explosive and effusive eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Geology, 42, 631-634, https://doi.org/10.1130/G35701.1

Cassiterite (SnO2) samples were collected from alluvial ore concentrate from the Abu Dabbab Granite in eastern Egypt. Samples (in the form of mounted loose grains) were prepared and analyzed for direct age dating on a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA-ICPMS) system at the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver, Colorado in February 2019. This data release accompanies the publication, 'Monazite and cassiterite U-Pb dating of the Abu Dabbab rare-metal granite, Egypt: Late Cryogenian metalliferous granite magmatism in the Arabian-Nubian Shield.' (Lehmann and others, 2020). The publication constrains the timing of the magmatic-hydrothermal processes of the Abu Dabbab Granite which represents the oldest, highly-evolved granite recognized thus far in the Pan-African Arabian-Nubian Shield.