AM Bench 2022 Measurement Results Data: 3D Builds In-situ Thermography and Data Processing Scripts (AMB2022-01)
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The following data files include in-situ thermographic measurement results, scan strategy, and various additional data associated with laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) 3D builds of nickel-based superalloy IN718 test objects for the 2022 Additive Manufacturing Benchmark (AM-Bench) test series. These data are associated with the AMB2022-01 series of modeling challenges described here: https://www.nist.gov/ambench/amb2022-01-benchmark-measurements-and-challenge-problems. However, these data may also be used in future AM-Bench challenges. These AM builds and thermographic measurements were performed on the NIST Additive Manufacturing Metrology Testbed (AMMT, https://www.nist.gov/el/ammt-temps).Information on the directory structure and file formats are provided in the 2715_README.txt file. Note that this dataset will be periodically updated, and additional data will be added as it is made available. Future publications will also provide more in-depth description of the data in this dataset, as will links to available analysis code and scripts. Refer to the Version number below, and updates described in this Description and the 2715_README.txt file.
AM Bench 2022 Measurement Results Data: 3D Builds In-situ Thermography and Data Processing Scripts (AMB2022-01)
공공데이터포털
The following data files include in-situ thermographic measurement results, scan strategy, and various additional data associated with laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) 3D builds of nickel-based superalloy IN718 test objects for the 2022 Additive Manufacturing Benchmark (AM-Bench) test series. These data are associated with the AMB2022-01 series of modeling challenges described here: https://www.nist.gov/ambench/amb2022-01-benchmark-measurements-and-challenge-problems. However, these data may also be used in future AM-Bench challenges. These AM builds and thermographic measurements were performed on the NIST Additive Manufacturing Metrology Testbed (AMMT, https://www.nist.gov/el/ammt-temps).Information on the directory structure and file formats are provided in the 2715_README.txt file. Note that this dataset will be periodically updated, and additional data will be added as it is made available. Future publications will also provide more in-depth description of the data in this dataset, as will links to available analysis code and scripts. Refer to the Version number below, and updates described in this Description and the 2715_README.txt file.
Variability in the Inorganic composition of 3D printer filaments
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The data provided in the spreadsheet was used to generate Figures 1, 2 and 3 in the manuscript Variability in the inorganic composition of colored acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene and polylactic acid filaments used in 3D printing: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-022-05221-7. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Peloquin, D.M., L.N. Rand, E.J. Baumann, A. Gitipour, J. Matheson, and T.P. Luxton. Variability in the inorganic composition of colored acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene and polylactic acid filaments used in 3D printing. Applied Sciences. MDPI, Basel, SWITZERLAND, 5: 10, (2023).
In situ thermography of the metal bridge structures fabricated for the 2018 Additive Manufacturing Benchmark Test Series (AM-Bench 2018)
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These measurements were performed as part of the 2018 Additive Manufacturing Benchmark Test Series (AM-Bench). This dataset and the associated experiments are part of a continuing series of controlled benchmark tests, in conjunction with a conference series, with two initial goals, 1) to allow modelers of Additive Manufacturing processes to test their simulations against rigorous, highly controlled additive manufacturing benchmark test data, and 2) to encourage additive manufacturing practitioners to develop novel mitigation strategies for challenging build scenarios. More information regarding the AMBench 2018 study can be found at www.nist.gov/ambench. For this year's challenge, numerous metal parts of the same geometry were created using an identical processing condition using a commercial powder bed fusion machine. The eight parts in total were manufactured in two builds. In situ thermal measurements of a select region on one of the parts within each build were acquired at 1800 frames per second. The part is a bridge structure geometry that has 12 legs of varying size (5 mm x 5 mm, 5 mm x 2.5 mm, and 0.5 mm x 5 mm), each leg is 5 mm tall, then uses a 45-degree overhang to transition into the bridge structure with a constant cross section. Each part is manufactured using 0.02 mm layer thickness, a programmed laser power of 195 W traveling at a scan speed of 800 mm/s, and the hatch spacing is 0.1 mm. The part is manufactured in 624 layers and the total build time nearly 9.5 hours. Details on the experiment can be found at www.nist.gov/ambench/amb2018-01-description, while related post-process measurement results can be found at www.nist.gov/ambench/benchmark-test-data.This dataset consists of thermal videos and MATLAB data structures for each layer. These are provided for each layer of the build and are grouped ten layers at a time in the provided zip files. The thermal videos provide an overview of the radiant temperature (not accounting for emissivity) measured during each layer, while the MATLAB structures contain the measurement data along with information on the camera timing, calibration, and process information. Two MATLAB functions are also provided. The first allows the measured radiant temperature to be converted into true temperature based on an assumed emissivity correction factor. The second function recreates the thermal video files. The second MATLAB function helps to provides context on how to interact with the MATLAB structures.For a detailed description of the dataset, please refer to the NIST Journal of Research publication, "Thermography of the Metal Bridge Structures Fabricated for the 2018 Additive Manufacturing Benchmark Test Series (AM-Bench 2018)." (in press)
In Situ Thermography of Single Scan Tracks Performed on Nickel Super Alloy 625 for the 2018 Additive Manufacturing Benchmark Test Series (AM-Bench 2018): Powder Bed Fusion Commercial Build Machine
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These measurements were performed as part of the 2018 Additive Manufacturing Benchmark Test Series (AM-Bench), specifically supporting the melt pool geometry challenge (CHAL-AMB2018-02-MP) and cooling rate challenge (CHAL-AMB2018-02-CR). This dataset and the associated experiments are part of a continuing series of controlled benchmark tests, in conjunction with a conference series, with two initial goals, 1) to allow modelers of Additive Manufacturing processes to test their simulations against rigorous, highly controlled additive manufacturing benchmark test data, and 2) to encourage additive manufacturing practitioners to develop novel mitigation strategies for challenging build scenarios. More information regarding the AMBench 2018 study can be found at www.nist.gov/ambench. Multiple laser scan tracks were performed on bare nickel-based superalloy IN625 substrates using three different combinations of laser power and scan speed. A high-speed infrared camera was used to measure the infrared emissions during each scan track, allowing measurement of the melt pool length and cooling rate of the solidified material. Details related to this dataset are provided in the associated NIST Journal of Research article (in press). The associated publication with experiment details and ex-situ characterization is Lane et. al. 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-020-00169-1).For dataset description article; refer to https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AMS.100-53
Simultaneous rheology and cure kinetics dictate thermal post-curing of thermoset composite resins for material extrusion
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Thermoset composite structures printed at room temperature using direct ink writing often collapse during thermal post-curing. This behavior suggests that the rheological properties that govern structural stability (i.e., storage modulus and/or yield stress) are sensitive to both temperature and conversion. The rheo-Raman instrument provides a way to directly link rheological properties, temperature, and conversion. Using this technique, we characterized how the yield stress and storage modulus evolve as a function of conversion at different temperatures and filler contents of fumed silica. This data set focuses on a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin (Epon 826, Hexion, Ohio, USA) cured with Jeffamine D-230 (Huntsman Corporation, Texas, USA). Three resins with fumed silica (Cabot Corporation, Massachusetts, USA) mass fractions of 0 %, 5 %, and 10 % were cured and observed isothermally at 70 °C and 100 °C. Rheological and Raman data were obtained, analyzed, and then combined to determine how the yield stress and storage modulus evolve with conversion at different temperatures. These results motivated a two-step schedule designed to prevent a reduction in rheological properties during curing while quickly driving the reaction to high conversion. The two-step schedule began at 70 °C then ramped to 100 °C and is also included in this dataset. This data is described in: Romberg, S.K., & Kotula, A.P. (2023) Simultaneous rheology and cure kinetics dictate thermal post-curing of thermoset composite resins, National Institute of Standards and Technology, submitted for publication.
Simultaneous rheology and cure kinetics dictate thermal post-curing of thermoset composite resins for material extrusion
공공데이터포털
Thermoset composite structures printed at room temperature using direct ink writing often collapse during thermal post-curing. This behavior suggests that the rheological properties that govern structural stability (i.e., storage modulus and/or yield stress) are sensitive to both temperature and conversion. The rheo-Raman instrument provides a way to directly link rheological properties, temperature, and conversion. Using this technique, we characterized how the yield stress and storage modulus evolve as a function of conversion at different temperatures and filler contents of fumed silica. This data set focuses on a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin (Epon 826, Hexion, Ohio, USA) cured with Jeffamine D-230 (Huntsman Corporation, Texas, USA). Three resins with fumed silica (Cabot Corporation, Massachusetts, USA) mass fractions of 0 %, 5 %, and 10 % were cured and observed isothermally at 70 °C and 100 °C. Rheological and Raman data were obtained, analyzed, and then combined to determine how the yield stress and storage modulus evolve with conversion at different temperatures. These results motivated a two-step schedule designed to prevent a reduction in rheological properties during curing while quickly driving the reaction to high conversion. The two-step schedule began at 70 °C then ramped to 100 °C and is also included in this dataset. This data is described in: Romberg, S.K., & Kotula, A.P. (2023) Simultaneous rheology and cure kinetics dictate thermal post-curing of thermoset composite resins, National Institute of Standards and Technology, submitted for publication.
Digital image analysis tools for pairs of filaments in embedded 3D printing
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In embedded 3D printing, a nozzle is embedded into a support bath and extrudes filaments or droplets into the bath. This repository includes Python code for analyzing and managing images and videos of the printing process during extrusion of single filaments, pairs of filaments, and triplets of filaments. The link to the GitHub release goes to the state of the code when the paper was submitted. From there, you can also access the current state of the code.
3D Printers Emissions of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs)
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Polymers used in 3D printing are known to emit hazardous materials when heated. While the emissions from pristine polymers and some filaments have been studied, many filaments contain additives that may influence their hazardous emissions. This research used a variety of commercially-available 3D printer filaments to assess the possibly formation of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), a class of surface-bound free radicals that have much longer lifetimes compared to their gas-phase counterparts. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to successfully identify EPFRs in particulate matter collected during regular 3D printer use. These findings should influence future studies on 3D printer emissions to include consideration of EPFR formation. These methodologies may be used by EPA's Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP), Consumer Protection and Safety Commission (CPSC), and National Institute of Occupational of Safety and Health (NIOSH). This dataset is associated with the following publication: Hasan, F., P.M. Potter, S.R. Al-Abed, J. Matheson, and S.M. Lomnicki. Investigating environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) emissions of 3D printing process. Chemical Engineering Journal. Elsevier BV, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 480: 148158, (2024).