Fine-grained sediment was collected from the banks of Napa River, Sonoma Creek, and tributaries in March 2018 and from shallow nearshore areas of the northern reach of San Francisco Bay in April 2018. Bulk sediment was dated using activities of short-lived cosmogenic radionuclides (beryllium-7, cesium-137, and lead-210). Contents of potentially toxic metals and source-rock-indicative elements, including rare earth elements, were quantified in the fine fraction of sediment (particles less than 0.063 mm diameter). Ratios of stable carbon-13/carbon-12 isotopes and total carbon to total nitrogen were determined in sedimentary organic matter.

Bulk organic geochemistry data were determined on one to five cm subsamples of sediment push cores collected from the Escanaba Trough during May to June 2022. These data include percent total organic carbon (percent TOC ), total nitrogen (percent TN), carbon to nitrogen ratios (C/N), stable carbon isotope ratios (d13C), stable nitrogen isotope ratios (d15N), radiocarbon values (D14C), and grain size (mean phi). Location information (for example , latitude, longitude, and depth) is also reported.

Elemental compositions are reported for the fine fraction of surface sediments from Bellingham Bay (June 2017 and March 2019) and in the fine fraction of streambank sediment from the Nooksack River (September 2017, March 2019, September 2019), Squalicum Creek (March and September 2019), Whatcom Creek (March and September 2019), and Padden Creek (March and September 2019). Major oxide percentages are reported in Nooksack River fine sediment collected in September 2017. Ancillary data for sediment collected during 2017 and 2019 from Bellingham Bay, Nooksack River, and small creeks include: percent weights of gravel, sand, and fines; total organic carbon content (TOC); carbonate content (CaCO3); ratios of stable carbon 13/12 (d13C) and nitrogen 15/14 (d15N) isotopes and total carbon to total nitrogen (C:N); and short-lived cosmogenic radionuclide activities (Beryllium-7, Cesium-137, and excess Lead-210).

In situ images of the sediment-water interface and sediment profiles were collected to characterize the top layer of the sediment bed (less than 15 cm sediment depth) prior to dredged material placement and post dredge material placement in south San Francisco Bay, California. Several sites within the placement area, as well as sites outside of the placement area, and near time-series stations were collected. The photos were acquired during four separate trips: August 2023 (pre-placement), October 2023 (pre-placement), January 2023 (post-placement), and February (greater than 1 year post-placement). The sediment profile imaging system consisted of a Blackfly S Board-level BFS-GE-50S5C0BD2 camera that incorporates a Sony IMX264 sensor and has an m12-mount type wide-angle 4.4 mm lens. The resulting field of view was approximately 7x15 cm at the window, with a resolution of 0.0667 mm per pixel when the vertically (portrait) oriented window of the housing was pushed into the sediment bed. The camera was secured horizontally in Sediment Profile Imaging (SPI) camera waterproof housing from OceanInstruments, which was lowered to the bay floor at the different stations and pushed from above into the sediment bed using a rigidly attached pole. The images captured using the system show a profile view which includes a surface view of the sediment bed where the window was above the water-sediment interface, and/or a high-resolution sediment profile where the window extended vertically down into the sediment bed and was flush with the sediment. The maximum depth below the water-sediment interface recorded by the sediment profile imaging camera was approximately 15 cm.

This part of DS 781 presents data for the sediment-thickness map of the Santa Barbara Channel, California, region. The raster data file is included in "SedimentThickness_SantaBarbaraChannel.zip," which is accessible from https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/SantaBarbaraChannel/data_catalog_SantaBarbaraChannel.html. As part of the USGS's California Seafloor Mapping Program, a 50-m grid of sediment thickness atop the bedrock at the Last Glacial Maximum horizon for the seafloor within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California's State Waters from the Offshore of Refugio Beach map area to the Hueneme Canyon and vicinity map area was generated from seismic-reflection profile data, collected in 2007 and 2008 (USGS activities Z-3-07-SC and S-7-08-SC), supplemented with outcrop and geologic structure data from DS 781. The resulting grid covers an area of approximately 600 sq km. Sediment thickness contours (isopachs) at 2.5-meter intervals were derived from this grid and are also available in this data release

This part of DS 781 presents data for the sediment-thickness map of the Punta Gorda to Point Arena, California, region. The raster data file is included in the "SedimentThickness_PuntaGordaToPointArena.zip," which is accessible from https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PNNI9H. As part of the USGS's California State Waters Mapping Project, a 50-m grid of sediment thickness for the seafloor within the 3-nautical mile limit between Point Sur and Point Arguello was generated from seismic-reflection data collected between 2010 and 2012, and supplemented with geologic structure (fault) information following the methodology of Wong (2012). Reference Cited: Wong, F. L., Phillips, E.L., Johnson, S.Y., and Sliter, R.W., 2012, Modeling of depth to base of Last Glacial Maximum and seafloor sediment thickness for the California State Waters Map Series, eastern Santa Barbara Channel, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1161, 16 p. (available at https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1161/).

Bed sediment samples were collected from the channels of 4 sites within northern San Francisco Bay, California, USA. The channels sampled were located in Corte Madera Bay, San Pablo Bay, Grizzly Bay and Suisun Bay. Sediment samples were collected with push cores, by subsampling a Gomex box corer. Cores, which ranged in length from 2 to 6 centimeters (cm), were sectioned by depth. The top two sections from each core were 1 cm thick, the following sections were 2 cm thick. Samples were analyzed for sediment properties including bulk density, particle size distribution, and percent carbon.

Geochemical and isotopic compositions were determined in stream sediment and parent rocks collected in April 2017 and June 2017 and in nearshore sediment collected bimonthly in sediment traps from May 2017 to June 2018 in the coastal zone and 12 drainages of southwest Puerto Rico: Rio Loco, Yauco, Guayanilla, Macana, Tallaboa, Matilde, Portugues, Bucana, Inabon, Jacaquas, Descalabrado, and Coamo. Geochemical compositional data include: a) total contents of major, minor, trace, and rare earth elements in the <0.063 mm-diameter fraction of terrestrial (n=53) and nearshore sediment (n=63) and powdered rocks (n=19) analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS); b) major oxide contents of stream sediment (n=46) and rocks (n=19) determined by wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF); and c) total organic carbon and carbonate contents of stream (n=48) and nearshore (n=64) sediment determined coulometrically. Isotopic compositional data include: 1) strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry in the <0.063 mm-diameter fraction of select stream (n=50) and nearshore (n=40) sediment, and in all rocks; and 2) activities of the short-lived cosmogenic nuclides beryllium-7, cesium-137, and excess (unsupported) lead-210 determined by gamma spectrometry on bulk nearshore sediment (n=44). The percentage by weight of the <0.063 mm-diameter sediment fraction (percent fines), the median grain size, and the silt to clay ratio are reported for stream (n=48) and nearshore (n=64) sediments. These data accompany Takesue, R.K., Sherman, C., Ramirez, N.I., Reyes, A.O., Cheriton, O.M., Rios, R.V., and Storlazzi, C.D., 2021, Land-based sediment sources and transport to southwest Puerto Rico coral reefs after Hurricane Maria, May 2017 to June 2018: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 59, p. 107476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107476.

Ferromanganese crust and phosphorite minerals were collected using remotely operated vehicles in the Southern California Borderland during two separate research cruises – NOAA Ocean Exploration Trust cruise NA124 onboard the E/V Nautilus in 2020, and Schmidt Ocean Institute cruise FK210726 onboard the R/V Falkor in 2021. Ferromanganese crust and phosphorite samples were described and subsampled for geochemical analysis at the USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center. Geochemical analyses were completed by outside commercial laboratories, and the results were provided to the USGS. Geochemical data, bulk and layer thickness information, as well as location information (latitude, longitude, depth) for each sample are provided here. The geochemical Borderland work was funded by the Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center and ship time was funded by NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (grant number NA19OAR110305).

Ferromanganese crust and phosphorite minerals were collected using remotely operated vehicles in the Southern California Borderland during two separate research cruises – NOAA Ocean Exploration Trust cruise NA124 onboard the E/V Nautilus in 2020, and Schmidt Ocean Institute cruise FK210726 onboard the R/V Falkor in 2021. Ferromanganese crust and phosphorite samples were described and subsampled for geochemical analysis at the USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center. Geochemical analyses were completed by outside commercial laboratories, and the results were provided to the USGS. Geochemical data, bulk and layer thickness information, as well as location information (latitude, longitude, depth) for each sample are provided here. The geochemical Borderland work was funded by the Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center and ship time was funded by NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (grant number NA19OAR110305).