,Vector-borne disease prevalence is increasing at a time when surveillance capacity in the United States is decreasing. One way to address this surveillance deficiency is to utilize established infrastructure, such as zoological parks, to investigate animal disease outbreaks and improve our epidemiological understanding of vector-borne pathogens. During fall 2020, an outbreak of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) at the Minnesota Zoo resulted in morbidity and seroconversion of several collection animals. In response to this outbreak, insect surveillance was conducted, and the collected insects were tested for the presence of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) by RT-qPCR to better understand the local transmitting vector populations responsible for the outbreak. Six pools of Culicoides biting midges were positive for EHDV, including three pools of Culicoides sonorensis, two pools of Culicoides variipennis, and a pool of degraded C. variipennis complex midges. All three endemic serotypes of EHDV (1, 2, and 6) were detected in both animals and midge pools from the premises. Despite this outbreak, no EHDV cases had been reported in wild animals near the zoo. This highlights the importance and utility of using animal holding facilities, such as zoos, as sentinels to better understand the spatio-temporal dynamics of pathogen transmission.,

국립수산물품질관리원 검역검사과에서 검역동향_해외(베트남, 프랑스, 대만 등) 수산생물 질병발생에 대해 월별로 정리한 동향 보고서

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease, a notifiable foreign animal disease in the USA, was reported for the first time in wild native North American rabbits and hares in April 2020 in the southwestern USA. Affected species included the Desert Cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), Mountain Cottontail (S. nutallii), Black-tailed Jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), and Antelope Jackrabbit (L. alleni). Desert Cottontails (n=7) and Black-tailed Jackrabbits (n=7) collected in April and May 2020 were necropsied at the U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) and tested positive for Lagovirus europaeus GI.2, also known as rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (GI.2/RHDV2/b), by real-time PCR at the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. Gross and microscopic lesions were similar to those reported in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and other hare (Lepus) species with GI.2/RHDV2/b infection and included epistaxis (12/13; 92%), massive hepatocellular dissociation (14/14; 100%) and necrosis/apoptosis (11/11; 100%), pulmonary congestion (12/12; 100%), edema (12/13; 92%), and hemorrhage (11/12; 92%), and acute renal tubular injury (3/8; 38%). As in previous reports and when compared to historical cases in the NWHC diagnostic database, massive hepatocellular dissociation and necrosis/apoptosis was the most diagnostically distinct finding in GI.2/RHDV2/b-positive rabbits and hares. Based on the apparent susceptibility of North American Sylvilagus and Lepus species to fatal GI.2/RHDV2/b infection, additional work is needed to understand the host range, pathogenicity, and potential population impacts of GI.2/RHDV2/b in North America.

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease, a notifiable foreign animal disease in the USA, was reported for the first time in wild native North American rabbits and hares in April 2020 in the southwestern USA. Affected species included the Desert Cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), Mountain Cottontail (S. nutallii), Black-tailed Jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), and Antelope Jackrabbit (L. alleni). Desert Cottontails (n=7) and Black-tailed Jackrabbits (n=7) collected in April and May 2020 were necropsied at the U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) and tested positive for Lagovirus europaeus GI.2, also known as rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (GI.2/RHDV2/b), by real-time PCR at the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. Gross and microscopic lesions were similar to those reported in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and other hare (Lepus) species with GI.2/RHDV2/b infection and included epistaxis (12/13; 92%), massive hepatocellular dissociation (14/14; 100%) and necrosis/apoptosis (11/11; 100%), pulmonary congestion (12/12; 100%), edema (12/13; 92%), and hemorrhage (11/12; 92%), and acute renal tubular injury (3/8; 38%). As in previous reports and when compared to historical cases in the NWHC diagnostic database, massive hepatocellular dissociation and necrosis/apoptosis was the most diagnostically distinct finding in GI.2/RHDV2/b-positive rabbits and hares. Based on the apparent susceptibility of North American Sylvilagus and Lepus species to fatal GI.2/RHDV2/b infection, additional work is needed to understand the host range, pathogenicity, and potential population impacts of GI.2/RHDV2/b in North America.

Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a major pathogen of concern to apiculture, and recent reports have indicated the local predominance and potential virulence of recombinants between DWV and a related virus, Varroa destructor virus 1 (VDV). However, little is known about the frequency and titer of VDV and recombinants relative to DWV generally. In this study, I assessed the relative occurrence and titer of DWV and VDV in public RNA-seq accessions of honey bee using a rapid, kmer-based approach. Three recombinant types were detectable graphically and corroborated by de novo assembly. Recombination breakpoints did not disrupt the capsid-encoding region, consistent with previous reports, and both VDV- and DWV-derived capsids were observed in recombinant backgrounds. High abundance of VDV kmers was largely restricted to recombinant forms. Non-metric multidimensional scaling identified genotypic clusters among DWV isolates, which was corroborated by read mapping and consensus generation. The recently described DWV-C lineage was not detected in the searched accessions. The data further highlight the utility of high-throughput sequencing to monitor viral polymorphisms and statistically test biological predictors of titer, and point to the need for consistent methodologies and sampling schemes.

Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a major pathogen of concern to apiculture, and recent reports have indicated the local predominance and potential virulence of recombinants between DWV and a related virus, Varroa destructor virus 1 (VDV). However, little is known about the frequency and titer of VDV and recombinants relative to DWV generally. In this study, I assessed the relative occurrence and titer of DWV and VDV in public RNA-seq accessions of honey bee using a rapid, kmer-based approach. Three recombinant types were detectable graphically and corroborated by de novo assembly. Recombination breakpoints did not disrupt the capsid-encoding region, consistent with previous reports, and both VDV- and DWV-derived capsids were observed in recombinant backgrounds. High abundance of VDV kmers was largely restricted to recombinant forms. Non-metric multidimensional scaling identified genotypic clusters among DWV isolates, which was corroborated by read mapping and consensus generation. The recently described DWV-C lineage was not detected in the searched accessions. The data further highlight the utility of high-throughput sequencing to monitor viral polymorphisms and statistically test biological predictors of titer, and point to the need for consistent methodologies and sampling schemes.

본 자료는 2020년부터 2024년까지 최근 5년간 질병관리청 장관감염병 감시체계를 통해 수집된 검체를 대상으로 한 바이러스별 검출 현황 데이터입니다.- 데이터의 출처 (장관감염병 감시체계)- 포함된 바이러스 종류 (노로바이러스, 로타바이러스, 장내아데노바이러스, 아스트로바이러스, 사포바이러스)- 연령 구분( 0-5세, 6-15세, 16-59세, 60세 이상)-내용 ( 연도별 환자 수 및 검출률 제공)연령별로 구분하여 각 연도별 환자 수 및 총 검사 건수 대비 검출률을 산출하였습니다.엑셀파일로 확인 하시기 바랍니다.

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is an aquatic rhabdovirus causing severe disease in numerous freshwater and saltwater fish species. Initially the virus was been found to cause disease in European fish populations starting around 1938 and was first detected in North America in the late 1980s. Of the four VHSV genotypes (I, II, III, and IV), the North American subtype IVb isolates have a broad host range. To determine whether endangered pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus, are susceptible to VHSV-IVb infection, juvenile pallid sturgeon and two pallid sturgeon cell lines derived from skin and spleen tissue were tested. Detection of viable virus via a plaque assay and molecular detection of the virus results by a RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) confirmed VHSV-IVb in vitro replication in pallid sturgeon cell lines. Pallid sturgeon were also susceptible to VHSV-IVb infection when exposed to the virus by immersion at concentration of 5 X 10e5 plaque forming units per milliliter (pfu/ml) and by injection at a dose of 1 X 10e6 plaque forming units per fish (pfu/fish) during 28-day long challenge experiments. However, after widespread mortality occurred in all treatment groups, including control fish, it was determined that the pallid sturgeon stock fish were infected with Missouri River Sturgeon Iridovirus (MRSIV) prior to experimental challenge. Nevertheless, VHSV-exposed fish suffered equal or higher mortalities (38 – 48%) than mock treated (MRSIV-infected) fish (29 – 38%) and histopathology samples showed reduced hematopoietic cells in spleen and kidney tissues and hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal organs only in VHSV-treated fish. These results suggest that pallid sturgeon are susceptible to VHSV-IVb infection, but the degree of pathogenicity was confounded by the underlying MRSIV infection. Our data also suggest that pallid sturgeon may serve as carriers of VHSV because the virus was isolated from surviving fish that showed no clinical signs, yet were positive for both VHSV and MRSIV. Research comparing susceptibility of pathogen-free and MRSIV-infected fish to VHSV-IVb is needed to accurately assess the vulnerability of pallid sturgeon to VHSV-IVb.

Honey bees (Apis mellifera), a critical agricultural pollinator in many areas, have a high rate of infection with a large DNA virus, Apis mellifera filamentous virus (AmFV), yet little is known about its ecology or impact on honey bee colonies, other than its ubiquity and apparent low virulence. This study scanned over 5,000 public data sets to detect AmFV sequences in honey bees as well as a parasitic mite of honey bees, Varroa destructor, that is a potential vector of AmFV. The data release consists of these files: 1. AmFV.genome.assemblies.aligned.fas, which contains new AmFV draft genome sequences generated by this study aligned with existing reference genome accessions downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). 2. kmer.list.txt, a list of kmers that were extracted from reference sequences and searched for in Sequence Read Archive (SRA) accessions. 3. sample.metadata.txt, which lists all accessions of the SRA, and NCBI database of high-throughput sequence data, that were used in this study. The file also includes the raw occurrence counts of kmers listed in kmer.lists.txt, summed by category.