This data set is a subset of a global database compiled by Matthews and Fung (1987) on the distribution and environmental characteristics of natural wetlands. The global database was developed to evaluate the role of wetlands in the annual emission of methane from terrestrial sources. This subset was created for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America.

We produced a time series of maps of habitat structure within wetlands of the Central Valley of California. The structure of open water and tall emergent vegetation, such as Typha spp. and Schoenoplectus spp., is critical for migratory birds. Through field observation and digitization of high resolution imagery we identified the locations of tall emergent vegetation, water, and other land cover. Using a random forest classification, we classified multispectral Landsat 8 imagery 2013-2017. We used images from the fall when most wetlands are flooded and the summer to separate trees and tall emergent vegetation. The final maps show the distribution and extent of tall emergent vegetation within wetlands. Final time series has two products: the basic map which contains the tall emergent vegetation, water, and other, and the mixed map which the water and other classes are the same as the basic and the tall emergent class is broken into mixed (tall emergent 50-74%), tall emergent (>75%).

We produced a time series of maps of habitat structure within wetlands of the Central Valley of California. The structure of open water and tall emergent vegetation, such as Typha spp. and Schoenoplectus spp., is critical for migratory birds. Through field observation and digitization of high resolution imagery we identified the locations of tall emergent vegetation, water, and other land cover. Using a random forest classification, we classified multispectral Landsat 8 imagery 2013-2017. We used images from the fall when most wetlands are flooded and the summer to separate trees and tall emergent vegetation. The final maps show the distribution and extent of tall emergent vegetation within wetlands. Final time series has two products: the basic map which contains the tall emergent vegetation, water, and other, and the mixed map which the water and other classes are the same as the basic and the tall emergent class is broken into mixed (tall emergent 50-74%), tall emergent (>75%).

This database, compiled by Matthews and Fung (1987), provides information on the distribution and environmental characteristics of natural wetlands. The database was developed to evaluate the role of wetlands in the annual emission of methane from terrestrial sources. The original data consists of five global 1-degree latitude by 1-degree longitude arrays. This subset, for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America, retains all five arrays at the 1-degree resolution but only for the area of interest (i.e., longitude 85 deg to 30 deg W, latitude 25 deg S to 10 deg N). The arrays are (1) wetland data source, (2) wetland type, (3) fractional inundation, (4) vegetation type, and (5) soil type. The data subsets are in both ASCII GRID and binary image file formats.The data base is the result of the integration of three independent digital sources: (1) vegetation classified according to the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) system (Matthews, 1983), (2) soil properties from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) soil maps (Zobler, 1986), and (3) fractional inundation in each 1-degree cell compiled from a global map survey of Operational Navigation Charts (ONC). With vegetation, soil, and inundation characteristics of each wetland site identified, the data base has been used for a coherent and systematic estimate of methane emissions from wetlands and for an analysis of the causes for uncertainties in the emission estimate.The complete global data base is available from NASA/GISS [http://www.giss.nasa.gov] and NCAR data set ds765.5 [http://www.ncar.ucar.edu]; the global vegetation types data are available from ORNL DAAC [http://www.daac.ornl.gov].

This dataset contains data used in the associated publication in the International Journal of Remote Sensing.Wilson, Natalie R., and Laura M. Norman. 2018. “Analysis of Vegetation Recovery Surrounding a Restored Wetland Using the Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).” International Journal of Remote Sensing 39 (10): 3243–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1437297.The geodatabase contains four feature classes: AOI, MajorZone, MinorZone, and Green2007.Publication abstract: Watershed restoration efforts seek to rejuvenate vegetation, biological diversity, and land productivity at Cienega San Bernardino, an important wetland in southeastern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico. Rock detention and earthen berm structures were built on the Cienega San Bernardino over the course of four decades, beginning in 1984 and continuing to the present. Previous research findings show that restoration supports and even increases vegetation health despite ongoing drought conditions in this arid watershed. However, the extent of restoration impacts is still unknown despite qualitative observations of improvement in surrounding vegetation amount and vigor. We analyzed spatial and temporal trends in vegetation greenness and soil moisture by applying the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference infrared index (NDII) to one dry summer season Landsat path/row from 1984 to 2016. The study area was divided into zones and spectral data for each zone was analyzed and compared with precipitation record using statistical measures including linear regression, Mann– Kendall test, and linear correlation. NDVI and NDII performed differently due to the presence of continued grazing and the effects of grazing on canopy cover; NDVI was better able to track changes in vegetation in areas without grazing while NDII was better at tracking changes in areas with continued grazing. Restoration impacts display higher greenness and vegetation water content levels, greater increases in greenness and water content through time, and a decoupling of vegetation greenness and water content from spring precipitation when compared to control sites in nearby tributary and upland areas. Our results confirm the potential of erosion control structures to affect areas up to 5 km downstream of restoration sites over time and to affect 1 km upstream of the sites.

Data is based on overlap of topographic, soil drainage, and national wetland inventory areas. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Horvath, E., J. Christensen, M. Mehaffey, and A. Neale. Building a Potential Wetland Restoration Indicator for the Contiguous United States.. ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 83: 462-473, (2017).

This USGS Data Release represents geospatial data sets which were created to produce an Unvegetated to Vegetated Ratio (UVVR) for coastal wetlands of the conterminous United States (2014-2018). The following listed image products were generated 1) Annual spatial datasets (rasters) from 2014 to 2018 each containing 4 bands (Band 1: Unvegetated land fraction; Band 2: Vegetated land fraction; Band 3: Water fraction; Band 4: UVVR clipped into 3 coastal regions (Atlantic (ATL) Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and Pacific (PAC). 2) Calibration/Validation Datasets - datasets which were used in the calibration and validation of the above datasets 3) Mean of masked, multiyear composite - Mean vegetated fraction in coastal wetlands in each region 4) Standard deviation of masked, multiyear composite - Standard deviation of the vegetated fraction in coastal wetlands in each region 5) Unvegetated to Vegetated Ratio (UVVR) based on masked, multiyear composite - Unvegetated to Vegetated Ratio in coastal wetlands in each region The data release was produced in compliance with the new 'open data' requirements as a way to make the scientific products associated with USGS research efforts and publications available to the public.

This USGS Data Release represents geospatial data sets which were created to produce an Unvegetated to Vegetated Ratio (UVVR) for coastal wetlands of the conterminous United States (2014-2018). The following listed image products were generated 1) Annual spatial datasets (rasters) from 2014 to 2018 each containing 4 bands (Band 1: Unvegetated land fraction; Band 2: Vegetated land fraction; Band 3: Water fraction; Band 4: UVVR clipped into 3 coastal regions (Atlantic (ATL) Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and Pacific (PAC). 2) Calibration/Validation Datasets - datasets which were used in the calibration and validation of the above datasets 3) Mean of masked, multiyear composite - Mean vegetated fraction in coastal wetlands in each region 4) Standard deviation of masked, multiyear composite - Standard deviation of the vegetated fraction in coastal wetlands in each region 5) Unvegetated to Vegetated Ratio (UVVR) based on masked, multiyear composite - Unvegetated to Vegetated Ratio in coastal wetlands in each region The data release was produced in compliance with the new 'open data' requirements as a way to make the scientific products associated with USGS research efforts and publications available to the public.

The Natural Communities dataset is a compilation of 48 publicly available State and federal agency datasets that map vegetation, wetlands, springs, and seeps in California. A working group comprised of DWR, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), and The Nature Conservancy (TNC) reviewed the compiled dataset and conducted a screening process to exclude vegetation and wetland types less likely to be associated with groundwater and retain types commonly associated with groundwater, based on criteria described in Klausmeyer et al., 2018. Two habitat classes are included in the Natural Communities dataset: (1) wetland features commonly associated with the surface expression of groundwater under natural, unmodified conditions; and (2) vegetation types commonly associated with the sub-surface presence of groundwater (phreatophytes). The data included in the Natural Communities dataset do not represent DWRs determination of a GDE. However, the Natural Communities dataset can be used by GSAs as a starting point when approaching the task of identifying GDEs within a groundwater basin. **Reference** Klausmeyer, K., Howard J., Keeler-Wolf T., Davis-Fadtke K., Hull R., and Lyons A. (2018). Mapping Indicators of Groundwater dependent ecosystems in California