The effects of vertical flowmeter placement relative to the vertical fracture opening were examined using the colloidal borescope flowmeter (HB). For these measurements, the HB measurement interval was located at a depth equal to 0.5-inch above and below the top and bottom edges of the fracture, respectively; at upper and lower edge of the fracture; at the center of the fracture; and 0.25-inch above and below the center of the fracture. The HB measurement interval was radially centered in the borehole. For those tests, the simulated flow direction was 180, aperture was 1.0-inch and the velocity was held steady at 297 ft/d. This sub-study was intended to identify potential influence of turbulent eddies on measured values and the importance of optimal flowmeter placement. The HH was not used to make measurements for the sub-study because the tool has a larger measurement interval and could not make measurements at depths as precisely as the HB.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), at the request of the U.S. Army Environmental Command (USAEC), evaluated the capabilities of two borehole technologies to measure horizontal groundwater velocity and direction of flow in a parallel-plate fractured-rock simulator. A colloidal borescope flowmeter (HB) and a heat-pulse flowmeter (HH) were deployed in 4-inch and 6-inch inner-diameter simulated uncased wells that spanned 0.39- and 1.0-inch apertures with simulated groundwater velocities ranging from 2 to 958 feet per day. Measurements were made at the USGS Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility in the Hydraulics Laboratory and the Indianapolis office of the USGS Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center. Ten measurements were made with the HB in the 1-inch fracture aperture intersecting a 6-inch inner-diameter well. Seven measurements were made in the 0.39-inch fracture aperture intersecting a 4-inch inner diameter well and six were made in the 0.39-inch aperture 6-inch inner-diameter well. All measurements were within the velocity limits specified by the manufacturer. Results from these measurements using the HB can be found in the child item, 'Experimental Results for Colloidal Borescope Flowmeter'. Thirty-seven measurements were made with the HH in the 1-inch fracture aperture intersecting a 6-inch inner-diameter well. Eight measurements were made in the 0.39-inch fracture aperture intersecting a 4-inch inner diameter well and eight were made in the 0.39-inch aperture 6-inch inner-diameter well. The tested velocity range (2 to 958 ft/d) was similar to the range examined with the HB (34 to 958 ft/d) but exceeded the range suggested by the manufacturer (0.5-100 ft/d). Results from these measurements using the HH can be found in the child item, 'Experimental Results for Heat-Pulse Flowmeter'. Seven measurements were made with the HB using various vertical placements relative to the fracture. Results from these vertical measurements using the HB can be found in the child item, 'Experimental Results for Vertical Placement of Colloidal Borescope Flowmeter'. The flowmeter systems used in this study are described in Bayless and others (2011), available at https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01324.x.

The heat-pulse flowmeter (HH) used in this testing is a KVA Model 200 system. The instrument computes groundwater vectors from heat arrival and decay in an array of four thermistors that surround a single heat source. An external compass attached to the top of the deployment system is used to orient the flowmeter in the borehole. The HH measured groundwater velocity and flow in the x-y plane. Fuzzy packers were filled with 0.08-inch diameter glass beads for all tests. The HH thermistors were centered over the simulated fracture during measurements. One to four measurements were made with the HH for each simulated flow.

The collection of borehole geophysical logs and images and continuous water-level data was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey South Atlantic Water Science Center in the vicinity of the GMH Electronics Superfund site near Roxboro, North Carolina, during December 2012 through July 2015. The study purpose was part of a continued effort to assist the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in the development of a conceptual groundwater model for the assessment of current contaminant distribution and future migration of contaminants. Previous work by the U.S. Geological Survey South Atlantic Water Science Center at the site involved similar data collection, in addition to surface geologic mapping and passive diffusion bag sampling within monitoring wells (Chapman and others, 2013). The continued data compilation efforts included the delineation of more than 900 subsurface features (primarily fracture orientations) in 10 open borehole wells. Geophysical logs, borehole imagery, pumping data, and heat-pulse flow measurements were collected and are presented within this data release. The data on this page consists of .csv and .xlsx files with water-level information collected from a pressure transducer within the borehole during pumping conditions for the "stressed" heat-pulse flow measurements. The water-levels were used for drawdown calculations.

The USGS collected water level time series data sets using a submersible pressure transducer at FORGE WELL 58B-32 during an aquifer test from February 12 to February 16, 2024. Transmissivity of the pumped aquifer was estimated to be 37,520-55,080 square feet per day using a Theis solution for unconfined aquifers provided by AQTESOLV software. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer was then calculated to be 86-126 feet per day using a saturated aquifer thickness of 436 feet.

When water is pumped slowly from saturated sediment-water inteface sediments, the more highly connected, mobile porosity domain is prefferentially sampled, compared to less-mobile pore spaces. Changes in fluid electrical conductivity (EC) during controlled downward ionic tracer injections into interface sediments can be assumed to represent mobile porosity dynamics, which are therefore distinguished from less-mobile porosity dynamics that is measured using bulk EC geoelectrical methods. Fluid EC samples were drawn at flow rates similar to tracer injection rates to prevent inducing preferential flow. The data were collected using a stainless steel tube with slits cut into the bottom (USGS MINIPOINT style) connected to an EC meter via c-flex or neoprene tubing, and drawn up through the system via a peristaltic pump. The data were compiled into an excel spreadsheet and time corrected to compare to bulk EC data that were collected simultaneously and contained in another section of this data release. Controlled, downward flow experiments were conducted in Dual-domain porosity apparatus (DDPA). Downward flow rates ranged from 1.2 to 1.4 m/d in DDPA1 and at 1 m/d, 3 m/d, 5 m/d, 0.9 m/d as described in the publication: Briggs, M.A., Day-Lewis, F.D., Dehkordy, F.M.P., Hampton, T., Zarnetske, J.P., Singha, K., Harvey, J.W. and Lane, J.W., 2018, Direct observations of hydrologic exchange occurring with less-mobile porosity and the development of anoxic microzones in sandy lakebed sediments, Water Resources Research, DOI:10.1029/2018WR022823.

During 2017 and 2018, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Idaho National Laboratory Project Office, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), drilled and constructed borehole USGS 145 (USGS site 433358113042701) for hydrogeologic data collection and stratigraphic framework analyses. The well is located along the western boundary of the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) just south of highway 20. USGS 145 was continuously cored from approximately 3 to 1,368 feet below land surface (BLS), and had water level of 704.73 ft BLS directly after drilling. Core was recovered over a two-year period, this includes cored depths from 3 to 678 ft between May 30, 2017,and November 13, 2017, and from 678 to 1,368 ft between May 17, 2018 and July 12, 2018. After coring was completed, the USGS collected geophysical data and finished construction as a dual piezometer well. The general purpose for the drilling and construction of USGS 145 was to improve the understanding of hydrogeology in the west-central part of the INL and to collect geologic data from recovered core. The well is equipped with a 1-in. stainless steel piezometer line and a 0.75-in. stainless steel piezometer line set down to 1,304 and 1,037 ft BLS, respectively. The well was filled with silica sand and cement grout from 740 to 1,368 ft BLS, encasing the piezometer screened intervals of 1,017 to 1,037 ft BLS and 1,277 to 1,297 ft BLS. The USGS collected select geophysical data, daily drilling notes, and detailed core descriptions to 1,368 ft BLS, which are included as part of this data release. The USGS collected geophysical source and deviation logs through drill casing on July 16, 2018 and additional open borehole logs on July 24, 2018. Geophysical data were collected using Century™ multi-parameter logging probes. Geophysical data include natural gamma (tool 9057A), neutron, gamma-gamma density (tool 0024C), and acoustic televiewer (ATV) logs (tool 9804A) which were examined synergistically with available core material to identify contacts between basalt flows and location and thickness of sediment layers. These logs are displayed in the file USGS145_Geophysical_Logs.pdf. Additionally, a gyroscopic deviation survey (tool 9095C) was set to collect data at 0.2-ft increments and used to display the projected well bore path and as displayed in plan view in file USGS145_PlanView_Gyro.pdf and associated well path file USGS145_9095Gyro.asc. Geophysical log data can be obtained by downloading attached LAS files or by visiting USGS - GeoLog Locator. Borehole core from USGS 145 is archived at the USGS Lithologic Core Storage Library located at Central Facilities Area, INL. Drill core was photographed and described using the standardized methods of Johnson and others, 2005. These standardized methods make use of commercially available software that include using a procedure developed by the USGS INL Project Office. The standardized method maximizes description and minimizes interpretation of the borehole core.