This data release contains information about the lava samples that were collected during two volcanic eruptions of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawai‘i. The first eruption occurred from 1983 to 2018 at Pu‘u‘ō‘ō and the second occurred contemporaneously from 2008 to 2018 at the summit lava lake. The data release provides a comprehensive list of lava samples that are currently stored in the physical sample archive of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO). The information in the data release includes details about the sampling sites and how the samples were collected. Most of the samples were collected to study the pre-eruptive chemistry and petrology of the magma that fed the eruption and to track its changes over time. Therefore, most samples are water or air quenched-lavas that were collected as close to the eruptive vent as possible. It is important to note that this data release does not include any analytical results of chemical analyses. It only provides metadata about the sampling events and the samples themselves.

This data release contains information about the lava samples that were collected during two volcanic eruptions of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawai‘i. The first eruption occurred from 1983 to 2018 at Pu‘u‘ō‘ō and the second occurred contemporaneously from 2008 to 2018 at the summit lava lake. The data release provides a comprehensive list of lava samples that are currently stored in the physical sample archive of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO). The information in the data release includes details about the sampling sites and how the samples were collected. Most of the samples were collected to study the pre-eruptive chemistry and petrology of the magma that fed the eruption and to track its changes over time. Therefore, most samples are water or air quenched-lavas that were collected as close to the eruptive vent as possible. It is important to note that this data release does not include any analytical results of chemical analyses. It only provides metadata about the sampling events and the samples themselves.

During the 2020–2021 summit eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, staff at the U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) conducted 17 helicopter overflights of the eruption area between the dates of 21 December 2020 and 8 June 2021. Images captured during these flights were processed using the structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry technique to produce digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthomosaics of a lava lake filling Halemaʻumaʻu crater. This data release contains the DEMs and orthomosaics processed to achieve the highest possible accuracy and spatial resolution. A pre-eruption DEM and orthomosaic produced using overflight images from 8 April 2019 and 29 May 2020, used for spatial reference, are also included. Vector shapefiles are included for each eruption overflight identifying the eruption vents, the perimeter of the eruption deposits (combined vent area and lava lake surface), islands on the lava lake surface, and the mobile surface of the lava lake (where incandescent, flowing lava was observed).

During the 2020–2021 summit eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, staff at the U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) conducted 17 helicopter overflights of the eruption area between the dates of 21 December 2020 and 8 June 2021. Images captured during these flights were processed using the structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry technique to produce digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthomosaics of a lava lake filling Halemaʻumaʻu crater. This data release contains the DEMs and orthomosaics processed to achieve the highest possible accuracy and spatial resolution. A pre-eruption DEM and orthomosaic produced using overflight images from 8 April 2019 and 29 May 2020, used for spatial reference, are also included. Vector shapefiles are included for each eruption overflight identifying the eruption vents, the perimeter of the eruption deposits (combined vent area and lava lake surface), islands on the lava lake surface, and the mobile surface of the lava lake (where incandescent, flowing lava was observed).

Following the 2018 collapses of the caldera floor at the summit of Kilauea Volcano (Anderson and others, 2019; Neal and others, 2019), the enlarged and deepened depression hosted a variety of volcanic activity between 2019 and 2022. These included an unprecedented water lake and two prolonged episodes of lava lake activity. This data release includes images from a stationary thermal camera poised on the western caldera rim, which provided a continuous record of the summit changes over this period. The thermal images provide an excellent observational record of the activity owing to the ability to see through thick volcanic fume, and the clarity with which they highlight active portions of the lava lake (Patrick and others, 2014). These thermal camera images cover three phases of activity at the summit of Kilauea. First, a water lake was present deep in Halema`uma`u crater from July 2019 to December 2020 (Nadeau and others, 2020). Second, a rising lava lake filled the bottom of Halema`uma`u from December 2020 to May 2021. Third, a second lava lake filled more of Halema`uma`u from September 2021 into early 2022 (through the end of this data release period in January 2022). References Anderson, K.R., Johanson, I.A., Patrick, M.R., Gu, M., Segall, P., Poland, M.P., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., and Miklius, A., 2019, Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaz1822 Nadeau, P.A., Diefenbach, A.K., Hurwitz, S., and Swanson, D.A., 2020, From lava to water: A new era at Kīlauea: Eos, 101, doi:10.1029/2020EO149557 Neal, C.A., Brantley, S.R., Antolik, L., Babb, J., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I.A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R.L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C.J., Nadeau, P.A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M.R., Shiro, B,, Swanson, D.A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E.F., Zoeller, M.H., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., Anderson, K.R., Poland, M.P., Ball, J., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H.R., Kern, C., Thelen, W.A., Cervelli, P.F., Orr, T., Houghton, B.F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Lerner, A.H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., and Fisher, G., 2018, The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aav7046. Patrick, M., Orr, T., Antolik, L., Lee, L., and Kamibayashi, K., 2014, Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes with thermal cameras: Journal of Applied Volcanology, v. 3, no. 1, doi:10.1186/2191-5040-3-1 Patrick, M.R., Swanson, D.A., Zoeller, M.H., Mulliken, K.M., Parcheta, C.E., Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., and Flinders, A.F., 2021, Water-level data for the crater lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2019–2020: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9262JDH.

Following the 2018 collapses of the caldera floor at the summit of Kilauea Volcano (Anderson and others, 2019; Neal and others, 2019), the enlarged and deepened depression hosted a variety of volcanic activity between 2019 and 2022. These included an unprecedented water lake and two prolonged episodes of lava lake activity. This data release includes images from a stationary thermal camera poised on the western caldera rim, which provided a continuous record of the summit changes over this period. The thermal images provide an excellent observational record of the activity owing to the ability to see through thick volcanic fume, and the clarity with which they highlight active portions of the lava lake (Patrick and others, 2014). These thermal camera images cover three phases of activity at the summit of Kilauea. First, a water lake was present deep in Halema`uma`u crater from July 2019 to December 2020 (Nadeau and others, 2020). Second, a rising lava lake filled the bottom of Halema`uma`u from December 2020 to May 2021. Third, a second lava lake filled more of Halema`uma`u from September 2021 into early 2022 (through the end of this data release period in January 2022). References Anderson, K.R., Johanson, I.A., Patrick, M.R., Gu, M., Segall, P., Poland, M.P., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., and Miklius, A., 2019, Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaz1822 Nadeau, P.A., Diefenbach, A.K., Hurwitz, S., and Swanson, D.A., 2020, From lava to water: A new era at Kīlauea: Eos, 101, doi:10.1029/2020EO149557 Neal, C.A., Brantley, S.R., Antolik, L., Babb, J., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I.A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R.L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C.J., Nadeau, P.A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M.R., Shiro, B,, Swanson, D.A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E.F., Zoeller, M.H., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., Anderson, K.R., Poland, M.P., Ball, J., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H.R., Kern, C., Thelen, W.A., Cervelli, P.F., Orr, T., Houghton, B.F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Lerner, A.H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., and Fisher, G., 2018, The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aav7046. Patrick, M., Orr, T., Antolik, L., Lee, L., and Kamibayashi, K., 2014, Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes with thermal cameras: Journal of Applied Volcanology, v. 3, no. 1, doi:10.1186/2191-5040-3-1 Patrick, M.R., Swanson, D.A., Zoeller, M.H., Mulliken, K.M., Parcheta, C.E., Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., and Flinders, A.F., 2021, Water-level data for the crater lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2019–2020: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9262JDH.

Following the 2018 collapses of the caldera floor at the summit of Kilauea Volcano (Anderson and others, 2019; Neal and others, 2019), the enlarged and deepened depression hosted a variety of volcanic activity between 2019 and 2022. These included an unprecedented water lake and two prolonged episodes of lava lake activity. This data release includes images from a stationary thermal camera poised on the western caldera rim, which provided a continuous record of the summit changes over this period. The thermal images provide an excellent observational record of the activity owing to the ability to see through thick volcanic fume, and the clarity with which they highlight active portions of the lava lake (Patrick and others, 2014). These thermal camera images cover three phases of activity at the summit of Kilauea. First, a water lake was present deep in Halema`uma`u crater from July 2019 to December 2020 (Nadeau and others, 2020). Second, a rising lava lake filled the bottom of Halema`uma`u from December 2020 to May 2021. Third, a second lava lake filled more of Halema`uma`u from September 2021 into early 2022 (through the end of this data release period in January 2022). References Anderson, K.R., Johanson, I.A., Patrick, M.R., Gu, M., Segall, P., Poland, M.P., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., and Miklius, A., 2019, Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaz1822 Nadeau, P.A., Diefenbach, A.K., Hurwitz, S., and Swanson, D.A., 2020, From lava to water: A new era at Kīlauea: Eos, 101, doi:10.1029/2020EO149557 Neal, C.A., Brantley, S.R., Antolik, L., Babb, J., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I.A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R.L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C.J., Nadeau, P.A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M.R., Shiro, B,, Swanson, D.A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E.F., Zoeller, M.H., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., Anderson, K.R., Poland, M.P., Ball, J., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H.R., Kern, C., Thelen, W.A., Cervelli, P.F., Orr, T., Houghton, B.F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Lerner, A.H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., and Fisher, G., 2018, The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aav7046. Patrick, M., Orr, T., Antolik, L., Lee, L., and Kamibayashi, K., 2014, Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes with thermal cameras: Journal of Applied Volcanology, v. 3, no. 1, doi:10.1186/2191-5040-3-1 Patrick, M.R., Swanson, D.A., Zoeller, M.H., Mulliken, K.M., Parcheta, C.E., Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., and Flinders, A.F., 2021, Water-level data for the crater lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2019–2020: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9262JDH.

Following the 2018 collapses of the caldera floor at the summit of Kilauea Volcano (Anderson and others, 2019; Neal and others, 2019), the enlarged and deepened depression hosted a variety of volcanic activity between 2019 and 2022. These included an unprecedented water lake and two prolonged episodes of lava lake activity. This data release includes images from a stationary thermal camera poised on the western caldera rim, which provided a continuous record of the summit changes over this period. The thermal images provide an excellent observational record of the activity owing to the ability to see through thick volcanic fume, and the clarity with which they highlight active portions of the lava lake (Patrick and others, 2014). These thermal camera images cover three phases of activity at the summit of Kilauea. First, a water lake was present deep in Halema`uma`u crater from July 2019 to December 2020 (Nadeau and others, 2020). Second, a rising lava lake filled the bottom of Halema`uma`u from December 2020 to May 2021. Third, a second lava lake filled more of Halema`uma`u from September 2021 into early 2022 (through the end of this data release period in January 2022). References Anderson, K.R., Johanson, I.A., Patrick, M.R., Gu, M., Segall, P., Poland, M.P., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., and Miklius, A., 2019, Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaz1822 Nadeau, P.A., Diefenbach, A.K., Hurwitz, S., and Swanson, D.A., 2020, From lava to water: A new era at Kīlauea: Eos, 101, doi:10.1029/2020EO149557 Neal, C.A., Brantley, S.R., Antolik, L., Babb, J., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I.A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R.L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C.J., Nadeau, P.A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M.R., Shiro, B,, Swanson, D.A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E.F., Zoeller, M.H., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., Anderson, K.R., Poland, M.P., Ball, J., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H.R., Kern, C., Thelen, W.A., Cervelli, P.F., Orr, T., Houghton, B.F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Lerner, A.H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., and Fisher, G., 2018, The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aav7046. Patrick, M., Orr, T., Antolik, L., Lee, L., and Kamibayashi, K., 2014, Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes with thermal cameras: Journal of Applied Volcanology, v. 3, no. 1, doi:10.1186/2191-5040-3-1 Patrick, M.R., Swanson, D.A., Zoeller, M.H., Mulliken, K.M., Parcheta, C.E., Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., and Flinders, A.F., 2021, Water-level data for the crater lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2019–2020: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9262JDH.

Following the 2018 collapses of the caldera floor at the summit of Kilauea Volcano (Anderson and others, 2019; Neal and others, 2019), the enlarged and deepened depression hosted a variety of volcanic activity between 2019 and 2022. These included an unprecedented water lake and two prolonged episodes of lava lake activity. This data release includes images from a stationary thermal camera poised on the western caldera rim, which provided a continuous record of the summit changes over this period. The thermal images provide an excellent observational record of the activity owing to the ability to see through thick volcanic fume, and the clarity with which they highlight active portions of the lava lake (Patrick and others, 2014). These thermal camera images cover three phases of activity at the summit of Kilauea. First, a water lake was present deep in Halema`uma`u crater from July 2019 to December 2020 (Nadeau and others, 2020). Second, a rising lava lake filled the bottom of Halema`uma`u from December 2020 to May 2021. Third, a second lava lake filled more of Halema`uma`u from September 2021 into early 2022 (through the end of this data release period in January 2022). References Anderson, K.R., Johanson, I.A., Patrick, M.R., Gu, M., Segall, P., Poland, M.P., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., and Miklius, A., 2019, Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaz1822 Nadeau, P.A., Diefenbach, A.K., Hurwitz, S., and Swanson, D.A., 2020, From lava to water: A new era at Kīlauea: Eos, 101, doi:10.1029/2020EO149557 Neal, C.A., Brantley, S.R., Antolik, L., Babb, J., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I.A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R.L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C.J., Nadeau, P.A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M.R., Shiro, B,, Swanson, D.A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E.F., Zoeller, M.H., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., Anderson, K.R., Poland, M.P., Ball, J., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H.R., Kern, C., Thelen, W.A., Cervelli, P.F., Orr, T., Houghton, B.F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Lerner, A.H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., and Fisher, G., 2018, The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aav7046. Patrick, M., Orr, T., Antolik, L., Lee, L., and Kamibayashi, K., 2014, Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes with thermal cameras: Journal of Applied Volcanology, v. 3, no. 1, doi:10.1186/2191-5040-3-1 Patrick, M.R., Swanson, D.A., Zoeller, M.H., Mulliken, K.M., Parcheta, C.E., Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., and Flinders, A.F., 2021, Water-level data for the crater lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2019–2020: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9262JDH.

Following the 2018 collapses of the caldera floor at the summit of Kilauea Volcano (Anderson and others, 2019; Neal and others, 2019), the enlarged and deepened depression hosted a variety of volcanic activity between 2019 and 2022. These included an unprecedented water lake and two prolonged episodes of lava lake activity. This data release includes images from a stationary thermal camera poised on the western caldera rim, which provided a continuous record of the summit changes over this period. The thermal images provide an excellent observational record of the activity owing to the ability to see through thick volcanic fume, and the clarity with which they highlight active portions of the lava lake (Patrick and others, 2014). These thermal camera images cover three phases of activity at the summit of Kilauea. First, a water lake was present deep in Halema`uma`u crater from July 2019 to December 2020 (Nadeau and others, 2020). Second, a rising lava lake filled the bottom of Halema`uma`u from December 2020 to May 2021. Third, a second lava lake filled more of Halema`uma`u from September 2021 into early 2022 (through the end of this data release period in January 2022). References Anderson, K.R., Johanson, I.A., Patrick, M.R., Gu, M., Segall, P., Poland, M.P., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., and Miklius, A., 2019, Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaz1822 Nadeau, P.A., Diefenbach, A.K., Hurwitz, S., and Swanson, D.A., 2020, From lava to water: A new era at Kīlauea: Eos, 101, doi:10.1029/2020EO149557 Neal, C.A., Brantley, S.R., Antolik, L., Babb, J., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I.A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R.L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C.J., Nadeau, P.A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M.R., Shiro, B,, Swanson, D.A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E.F., Zoeller, M.H., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., Anderson, K.R., Poland, M.P., Ball, J., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H.R., Kern, C., Thelen, W.A., Cervelli, P.F., Orr, T., Houghton, B.F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Lerner, A.H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., and Fisher, G., 2018, The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aav7046. Patrick, M., Orr, T., Antolik, L., Lee, L., and Kamibayashi, K., 2014, Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes with thermal cameras: Journal of Applied Volcanology, v. 3, no. 1, doi:10.1186/2191-5040-3-1 Patrick, M.R., Swanson, D.A., Zoeller, M.H., Mulliken, K.M., Parcheta, C.E., Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., and Flinders, A.F., 2021, Water-level data for the crater lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2019–2020: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9262JDH.