This data release contains information about the lava samples that were collected during two volcanic eruptions of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawai‘i. The first eruption occurred from 1983 to 2018 at Pu‘u‘ō‘ō and the second occurred contemporaneously from 2008 to 2018 at the summit lava lake. The data release provides a comprehensive list of lava samples that are currently stored in the physical sample archive of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO). The information in the data release includes details about the sampling sites and how the samples were collected. Most of the samples were collected to study the pre-eruptive chemistry and petrology of the magma that fed the eruption and to track its changes over time. Therefore, most samples are water or air quenched-lavas that were collected as close to the eruptive vent as possible. It is important to note that this data release does not include any analytical results of chemical analyses. It only provides metadata about the sampling events and the samples themselves.

A limited suite of samples for the 2020–2023 Kīlauea eruptions within Kaluapele (the summit caldera) were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) field teams from within a publicly closed area of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park in cooperation with the National Park Service. This data release presents sample metadata, whole rock ED-XRF, whole rock WD-XRF, whole rock LA-ICP-MS, glass EPMA, glass LA-ICP-MS, leachate, and isotope data for these samples.

This data release contains geochemical data for volcanic tephra from Kīlauea volcano, Hawaiʻi, sampled between March 19 and April 16, 2008.

This data release contains geochemical data for volcanic tephra from Kīlauea volcano, Hawaiʻi, sampled between March 19 and April 16, 2008.

Lava flow hazards are usually thought to end when the erupting vent becomes inactive, but this is not always the case. At Kilauea in August 2014, a spiny 'a'a flow erupted from the levee of a crusted perched lava lake that had been inactive for a month, and the surface of the lava lake subsided as the flow advanced downslope over the following few days. Topography constructed from oblique aerial photographs using structure-from-motion (SfM) software shows that the volume of the flow (~68,000 m3) closely matches the volume of subsidence of the crusted lava lake (~64,000 m3). The similarity of these volumes, along with the textural characteristics of the lava, shows that the lava that fed the flow had been stored beneath the surface of the perched lava lake, and that the flow was not generated by reactivation of the vent. This extends the duration of the local lava flow hazard presented by perched lava lakes and similar flow field structures that store lava, such as rootless shields.

Lava flow hazards are usually thought to end when the erupting vent becomes inactive, but this is not always the case. At Kilauea in August 2014, a spiny 'a'a flow erupted from the levee of a crusted perched lava lake that had been inactive for a month, and the surface of the lava lake subsided as the flow advanced downslope over the following few days. Topography constructed from oblique aerial photographs using structure-from-motion (SfM) software shows that the volume of the flow (~68,000 m3) closely matches the volume of subsidence of the crusted lava lake (~64,000 m3). The similarity of these volumes, along with the textural characteristics of the lava, shows that the lava that fed the flow had been stored beneath the surface of the perched lava lake, and that the flow was not generated by reactivation of the vent. This extends the duration of the local lava flow hazard presented by perched lava lakes and similar flow field structures that store lava, such as rootless shields.

The 35-year-long Puʻuʻōʻō eruption, on the East Rift Zone of Kīlauea Volcano, was the longest volcanic eruption on the Island of Hawaiʻi in the past 100 years (Wright and Klein 2014; Mulliken and others 2023). The eruption, whose vent area was focused at and around Puʻuʻōʻō cone, produced episodic fountaining in its initial few years followed by decades of effusive activity that created an expansive lava flow field (Heliker and Mattox 2003; Orr and others 2015). While vents erupted on the flank of the cone, the activity within the cone’s crater often consisted of lava lakes, lava flows, and small spattering hornitos (Heliker and Mattox 2003; Heliker and others 2003). The crater also experienced several cycles of gradual crater filling culminating in abrupt crater draining, via vents on the cone flanks (Orr and others 2015; Patrick and others 2019). Activity within Puʻuʻōʻō abruptly ended on April 30, 2018, when magma migrated into the lower East Rift Zone, triggering the destructive eruption in Leilani Estates and nearby regions (Neal and others 2019; Patrick and others 2020). To capture and document this dynamic behavior within the crater, a thermal camera was deployed on the rim of Puʻuʻōʻō crater in March 2011 by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (Patrick and others 2014; Shiro and others 2021). This data release contains the entirety of data collected by that camera, named the “PTcam”, spanning 2011-2019. The camera captured several cycles of crater filling and draining, as well as prolonged periods of lava lake behavior, and many of these changes were correlated with those of the concurrent eruption at the summit of Kīlauea (Patrick and others 2021). This data release should provide useful information to better understand these basaltic eruption processes. References Heliker C, Mattox TN. 2003. The first two decades of the Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō–Kupaianaha eruption: Chronology and selected bibliography. In: Heliker C, Swanson DA, Takahashi TJ (eds) The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō–Kupaianaha eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: The first 20 years. US Geol Surv Prof Paper 1676:1-27 Heliker C, Kauahikaua J, Sherrod DR, Lisowski M, Cervelli P. 2003. The Rise and Fall of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō Cone, 1983–2002. In: Heliker C, Swanson DA, Takahashi TJ (eds) The Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō–Kupaianaha eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: The first 20 years. US Geol Surv Prof Paper 1676:29-52 Mulliken KM, Kauahikaua JP, Swanson DA. 2023. Chronology of recent volcanic activity on the Island of Hawai`i, Hawaii (version 1, July 2023). U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9V3NQYB Neal CA, Brantley SR, Antolik L, Babb J, Burgess M, Calles K, Cappos M, Chang JC, Conway S, Desmither L, Dotray P, Elias T, Fukunaga P, Fuke S, Johanson IA, Kamibayashi K, Kauahikaua J, Lee RL, Pekalib S, Miklius A, Million W, Moniz CJ, Nadeau PA, Okubo P, Parcheta C, Patrick MR, Shiro B, Swanson DA, Tollett W, Trusdell F, Younger EF, Zoeller MH, Montgomery-Brown EK, Anderson KR, Poland MP, Ball J, Bard J, Coombs M, Dietterich HR, Kern C, Thelen WA, Cervelli PF, Orr T, Houghton BF, Gansecki C, Hazlett R, Lundgren P, Diefenbach AK, Lerner AH, Waite G, Kelly P, Clor L, Werner C, Mulliken K, Fisher G. 2019. The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano: Science:eaav7046. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav7046 1315 Orr T, Poland MP, Patrick MR, Thelen WA, Sutton AJ, Elias T, Thornber CR, Parcheta C, Wooten KM. 2015. Kīlauea’s 5-9 March 2011 Kamoamoa fissure eruption and its relation to 30+ years of activity from Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō, in Carey R, Poland M, Cayol V, Weis D, eds, Hawaiian Volcanism: From Source to Surface: Hoboken, New Jersey, Wiley, American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 208, p. 393-420. Patrick MR, Orr T, Antolik L, Lee L, Kamibayashi K. 2014. Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian Volcanoes with thermal cameras. Journal of Applied Volcanology 3:1 http://www.appliedvolc.com/content/3/1/1 Patrick, M.R., Orr, T., Anderson, K., Swanson, D.A., 2019,

In May 2018, the onset of new eruptive activity on the lower flank of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, accompanied the draining of the lava lake at the summit, 40 km upslope. The lava lake draining lasted over seven days, and transitioned into the largest collapse event at the summit of Kīlauea in over 200 years, with the paired flank and summit activity marking a historic episode in the modern record of Kīlauea. We present two important datasets that characterize draining of the Kīlauea summit lava lake in 2018. First, we present high-precision elevation data of the lava lake surface measured by an industrial laser rangefinder. To our knowledge, this is the highest-precision lava lake elevation data ever collected over a sustained period. Second, we present three-dimensional models of the drained crater on three dates during the draining sequence. The models were constructed from oblique airborne thermal images using structure-from-motion processing. These models constrain the crater geometry and can be used for measuring the volume of the lava lake during its draining. This combined dataset may be useful for future research on the 2018 eruption.

In May 2018, the onset of new eruptive activity on the lower flank of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, accompanied the draining of the lava lake at the summit, 40 km upslope. The lava lake draining lasted over seven days, and transitioned into the largest collapse event at the summit of Kīlauea in over 200 years, with the paired flank and summit activity marking a historic episode in the modern record of Kīlauea. We present two important datasets that characterize draining of the Kīlauea summit lava lake in 2018. First, we present high-precision elevation data of the lava lake surface measured by an industrial laser rangefinder. To our knowledge, this is the highest-precision lava lake elevation data ever collected over a sustained period. Second, we present three-dimensional models of the drained crater on three dates during the draining sequence. The models were constructed from oblique airborne thermal images using structure-from-motion processing. These models constrain the crater geometry and can be used for measuring the volume of the lava lake during its draining. This combined dataset may be useful for future research on the 2018 eruption.

In May 2018, the onset of new eruptive activity on the lower flank of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, accompanied the draining of the lava lake at the summit, 40 km upslope. The lava lake draining lasted over seven days, and transitioned into the largest collapse event at the summit of Kīlauea in over 200 years, with the paired flank and summit activity marking a historic episode in the modern record of Kīlauea. We present two important datasets that characterize draining of the Kīlauea summit lava lake in 2018. First, we present high-precision elevation data of the lava lake surface measured by an industrial laser rangefinder. To our knowledge, this is the highest-precision lava lake elevation data ever collected over a sustained period. Second, we present three-dimensional models of the drained crater on three dates during the draining sequence. The models were constructed from oblique airborne thermal images using structure-from-motion processing. These models constrain the crater geometry and can be used for measuring the volume of the lava lake during its draining. This combined dataset may be useful for future research on the 2018 eruption.