This data release contains data discussed in its larger work citation. "ClimateComparisonData.csv" contains summary metrics of six climate projections used as climate input for quantitative simulations of hydrologic and ecological responses to climate change at Wind Cave National Park (WCNP) and the same summary metrics for 38 other climate projections available at the time that these simulations were done. "HydroData.csv" contains mean annual streamflow of a stream in WCNP and mean annual hydraulic head of a subterranean lake in Wind Cave as simulated by the rainfall-response aquifer and watershed flow (RRAWFLOW) model for two climate projections in the climate dataset. The remaining files contain aboveground live forest carbon, frequency of high-fire-danger days, and annual grass production as simulated by the dynamic vegetation model MC1 parameterized for WCNP for combinations of four climate projections in the climate dataset with a variety of management alternatives.

This dataset contains simulations of net primary production (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (RH), net ecosystem production (NEP), and soil temperature data in North American boreal forests for the period 1986-2020. Data sources included historical fire sources and Landsat data. The delta Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR), which can be used to represent burn severity for a fire, was calculated for each individual fire over the time period. The interactions between canopy, fire and soil thermal dynamics were modelled using a soil surface energy balance model incorporated into a previous Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM). Using the revised TEM, two regional simulations were conducted with and without fire disturbance. Fire polygons were dissected into each unit with unique fire history and then intersected with each grid cell to measure fire impacts. The output values for each grid cell are the area-weighted mean of each fire polygon and unburned area within the cell. Two extra simulations without a canopy energy balance scheme were also conducted to quantify the impact of the canopy. Soil temperature was simulated with and without the canopy energy balance scheme in the model in addition to considering fire impacts. The data are provided in comma separated values (CSV) format.

This data set contains output from the dynamic vegetation model MC1, as modified to simulate future woody encroachment in the northern Great Plains. Simulations were done for the historical period (1895-2005) and the future period (2006-2100). Separate simulations were done for eastern and western portions of the region, with the eastern simulations using model parameters appropriate for Juniperus virginiana as the major evergreen needle-leaf life form, and the western simulations using model parameters appropriate for Pinus ponderosa as the major evergreen needle-leaf life form. Simulations in each portion were run for two A2 emissions scenario climate projections (CSIRO, representing moderate temperature increases and wetter conditions, and MIROC, representing very hot and dry conditions) crossed with 8 (eastern portion) or 6 (western portion) fire x grazing x tree regeneration capacity (eastern only) scenarios. Output variables provided on a yearly basis are potential evapotranspiration, live aboveground tree carbon and aboveground grass net primary production. Output variables provided as decadal averages are live aboveground tree carbon, tree leaf area index, soil available water for plant survival, surface runoff, potential evapotranspiration, streamflow, and actual evapotranspiration. Child records contain command files for running the model, model parameters, model input, and output from model runs for the equilibrium and spinup stages of model runs (precursors to running historical and future simulations).

This data set contains output from the dynamic vegetation model MC1, as modified to simulate future woody encroachment in the northern Great Plains. Simulations were done for the historical period (1895-2005) and the future period (2006-2100). Separate simulations were done for eastern and western portions of the region, with the eastern simulations using model parameters appropriate for Juniperus virginiana as the major evergreen needle-leaf life form, and the western simulations using model parameters appropriate for Pinus ponderosa as the major evergreen needle-leaf life form. Simulations in each portion were run for two A2 emissions scenario climate projections (CSIRO, representing moderate temperature increases and wetter conditions, and MIROC, representing very hot and dry conditions) crossed with 8 (eastern portion) or 6 (western portion) fire x grazing x tree regeneration capacity (eastern only) scenarios. Output variables provided on a yearly basis are potential evapotranspiration, live aboveground tree carbon and aboveground grass net primary production. Output variables provided as decadal averages are live aboveground tree carbon, tree leaf area index, soil available water for plant survival, surface runoff, potential evapotranspiration, streamflow, and actual evapotranspiration. Child records contain command files for running the model, model parameters, model input, and output from model runs for the equilibrium and spinup stages of model runs (precursors to running historical and future simulations).

This data release presents input data for plot- and landscape-scale models of Prairie Pothole Region wetland methane emissions as a function of explanatory variables and remotely sensed predictors. Field data for the plot- and landscape-scale models span the years 2003-2016 and 2005-2016, respectively. The data release also includes R programming code to run the generalized additive model (GAM; plot scale) and random forest (RF; landscape scale) model of methane flux rates. Input data were extracted and modified from existing sources, and combined to facilitate model development, as well as six scenario-based model runs (two historical, four future). Briefly, a bottom-up approach was used to develop a spatially explicit, temporally dynamic model of methane emissions from Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) wetlands. A dataset of greater than 18,000 static-chamber flux measurements along with environmental covariates was used to develop a chamber-based (plot) model of methane flux, which was then used to inform a landscape-model using remotely sensed predictors. Covariates for the chamber-based model included soil water-filled pore space, soil temperature, wetland size, hydroperiod, land cover, growing season interval, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Predictors for upscaling included the Dynamic Surface Water Extent based on Landsat 4, 5, 7, and 8 for the presence, permanence, and extent of surface water, ClimateNA for historical and future temperatures, and the North American Land Change Monitoring System for land cover. Model runs included historical dry (1991) and wet (2011) years, as well as future Socioeconomic Pathways emissions scenarios (SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5).

This data release presents input data for plot- and landscape-scale models of Prairie Pothole Region wetland methane emissions as a function of explanatory variables and remotely sensed predictors. Field data for the plot- and landscape-scale models span the years 2003-2016 and 2005-2016, respectively. The data release also includes R programming code to run the generalized additive model (GAM; plot scale) and random forest (RF; landscape scale) model of methane flux rates. Input data were extracted and modified from existing sources, and combined to facilitate model development, as well as six scenario-based model runs (two historical, four future). Briefly, a bottom-up approach was used to develop a spatially explicit, temporally dynamic model of methane emissions from Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) wetlands. A dataset of greater than 18,000 static-chamber flux measurements along with environmental covariates was used to develop a chamber-based (plot) model of methane flux, which was then used to inform a landscape-model using remotely sensed predictors. Covariates for the chamber-based model included soil water-filled pore space, soil temperature, wetland size, hydroperiod, land cover, growing season interval, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Predictors for upscaling included the Dynamic Surface Water Extent based on Landsat 4, 5, 7, and 8 for the presence, permanence, and extent of surface water, ClimateNA for historical and future temperatures, and the North American Land Change Monitoring System for land cover. Model runs included historical dry (1991) and wet (2011) years, as well as future Socioeconomic Pathways emissions scenarios (SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5).

This spatial data set provides information pertaining to the known land use and disturbance history for lands within the March 2018 administrative boundary of Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota. Land use and disturbance history presented here are not a comprehensive record of all potential land uses and disturbances but rather a record of known and documented land uses and disturbances based on the best available information. Additional land use and disturbance information may exist but due to time and budget constraints may not have been discovered during the research and development of this data set. The information in this data set was gathered through a variety of sources including but not limited to communication with National Park Service staff, historical documents, land patent records, online information searches, aerial imagery, historical photographs, and spatial data repositories. Data are presented as polygon features, each with a unique area number, its total area (in acres) and the percent of the park the area covers. Polygons were delineated based on existing GIS layers in park records, or, when these were not available, they were digitized using ESRI Arc Map 10.5.1 in conjunction with USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service NAIP orthoimagery based on written descriptions of locations (e.g., Township and Range Survey System) or maps in information sources. History of each polygon is described for one or more of five land use or disturbance types: cultivation, structures, excavation, grazing, and other disturbance. Each land use or disturbance type has six attribute fields. The first field indicates if there is evidence of the land use or disturbance type in the polygon. "Yes" indicates there is evidence and a value indicates evidence was not found. A value does not guarantee that the land use or disturbance type has not occurred in the area, but rather that we found no evidence of that type. The second field provides a description of the land use or disturbance event or activities. The level of detail provided in the description is based on the best available information. The third field provides the last known date of land use or disturbance or the best estimation of the last known date; for grazing, the range of time over which grazing was documented is indicated. The fourth field provides an explanation of how the land use or disturbance date was generated or the confidence level of the date. The fifth field provides an explanation of the confidence in the area boundary. The spatial accuracy of area boundaries are only as good as the available information they were generated from and should be used with the understanding that they may be overestimated, underestimated, or misaligned. In some cases the area was generated from personal recollection of a park service staff and exact location is unknown. The sixth and last field provides the references used to populate the first five fields.

In August 2023, a large microburst storm event toppled a large number of saguaros in Saguaro National Park's Tucson Mountain District (TMD). Hundreds of saguaros were killed or damaged in the initial event. Two surveys, one in 2023 and a follow-up in 2025 mapped and recorded data from greater than 2000 saguaros impacted by the windthrow of August 2023.This data set contains relevant data from the Saguaro National Park Blow Down Study.

In August 2023, a large microburst storm event toppled a large number of saguaros in Saguaro National Park's Tucson Mountain District (TMD). Hundreds of saguaros were killed or damaged in the initial event. Two surveys, one in 2023 and a follow-up in 2025 mapped and recorded data from greater than 2000 saguaros impacted by the windthrow of August 2023.This data set contains relevant data from the Saguaro National Park Blow Down Study.

The U.S. Geological Survey Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) was used to assess the effects of changing climate and land disturbance on seasonal streamflow in the Rio Grande Headwaters (RGHW) region. Three applications of PRMS in the RGHW were used to simulate 1) baseline effects of climate (see RGHW-PRMS_baseline_simulation.zip), 2) effects of bark-beetle induced tree mortality (see RGHW-PRMS_BB_simulation.zip), and 3) effects of wildfire (see RGHW-PRMS_fire_simulation.zip), on components of the hydrologic cycle by hydrologic response unit (HRU) and subsequent seasonal streamflow runoff from April through September for water years 1980 through 2017. Select PRMS output variables for each simulation are contained in this data release.