In June 2018, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collected geophysical measurements to help evaluate the suitability of a proposed landfill site for disposing mine-waste materials in Fredericktown, MO. Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) images were acquired at two locations to characterize the temperature of the water and the embankment along the shoreline of City Lake to evaluate potential groundwater discharge locations. The images were collected in the evening dusk to avoid reflections off the water surface while pointing at the shoreline. Visual true-color photographs and FLIR thermal images were collocated to help identify the location of potential thermal anomalies that might indicate groundwater discharge into the lake. The visual images can be used to help interpret the thermal images that might show obstructions or reflections from the vegetation.

From June 25 to June 28, 2018, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collected temperature measurements to help evaluate the thermal properties at two locations along the shoreline of City Lake in Fredericktown, MO. The in-situ temperature of surface water and saturated sediments was monitored to support calculations of seepage flux. Temperature measurements Celsius were collected every 30 minutes at depths of 0.04, 0.15,0.30,0.61, and 0.91 m below the water bottom. The thermal conductivity of saturated sediments was also measured.

From June 25 to June 28, 2018, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collected temperature measurements to help evaluate the thermal properties at two locations along the shoreline of City Lake in Fredericktown, MO. The in-situ temperature of surface water and saturated sediments was monitored to support calculations of seepage flux. Temperature measurements Celsius were collected every 30 minutes at depths of 0.04, 0.15,0.30,0.61, and 0.91 m below the water bottom. The thermal conductivity of saturated sediments was also measured.

In June 2018, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collected geophysical measurements to help evaluate the suitability of a proposed landfill site for disposing mine-waste materials in Fredericktown, MO. Frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM) induction data were collected along the edge of the water. The antenna was placed on a plastic frame and held approximately 1 m above the water surface. The antenna was mounted on a raft that was towed behind a canoe. All unprocessed and processed data including the in-phase and quadrature components in parts per million, electrical conductivity (EC) in milliSiemens per meter (mS/m), and magnetic susceptibility in parts per thousand are served in this data release. In addition, the data were inverted to generate depth dependent estimates of conductivity along the profiles. An analysis of the depth of investigation indicated the FDEM reliably estimated conductivity values to depths of about 3 m below the water surface. These output data are also served in this data release. All unprocessed and processed data including the in-phase and quadrature components in parts per million, electrical conductivity (EC) in milliSiemens per meter (mS/m), and magnetic susceptibility in parts per thousand are served in this data release. In addition, the data were inverted to generate depth-dependent estimates of conductivity along the profiles. An analysis of the depth of investigation indicated the FDEM reliably estimated conductivity values to depths of about 3 m below water surface. These output data are also served in this data release.

In June 2018, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collected geophysical measurements to help evaluate the suitability of a proposed landfill site for disposing mine-waste materials in Fredericktown, MO. Frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM) induction data were collected along the edge of the water. The antenna was placed on a plastic frame and held approximately 1 m above the water surface. The antenna was mounted on a raft that was towed behind a canoe. All unprocessed and processed data including the in-phase and quadrature components in parts per million, electrical conductivity (EC) in milliSiemens per meter (mS/m), and magnetic susceptibility in parts per thousand are served in this data release. In addition, the data were inverted to generate depth dependent estimates of conductivity along the profiles. An analysis of the depth of investigation indicated the FDEM reliably estimated conductivity values to depths of about 3 m below the water surface. These output data are also served in this data release. All unprocessed and processed data including the in-phase and quadrature components in parts per million, electrical conductivity (EC) in milliSiemens per meter (mS/m), and magnetic susceptibility in parts per thousand are served in this data release. In addition, the data were inverted to generate depth-dependent estimates of conductivity along the profiles. An analysis of the depth of investigation indicated the FDEM reliably estimated conductivity values to depths of about 3 m below water surface. These output data are also served in this data release.

In June 2018, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collected geophysical measurements to help evaluate the suitability of a proposed landfill site for disposing mine-waste materials in Fredericktown, MO. Frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM) induction data were collected above the land surface along the cleared paths through the proposed disposal cell locations. The data were collected with a hand-held, multi-frequency antenna carried approximately 1 meter (m) above the land surface at walking speeds using a multi-frequency tool. All unprocessed and processed data including the in-phase and quadrature components in parts per million, electrical conductivity (EC) in milliSiemens per meter (mS/m), and magnetic susceptibility in parts per thousand are served in this data release. In addition, the data were inverted to generate depth dependent estimates of conductivity along the profiles. An analysis of the depth of investigation indicated the FDEM reliably estimated conductivity values to depths of about 3 m below land surface. These output data are also served in this data release.

In June 2018, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collected geophysical measurements to help evaluate the suitability of a proposed landfill site for disposing mine-waste materials in Fredericktown, MO. Frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM) induction data were collected above the land surface along the cleared paths through the proposed disposal cell locations. The data were collected with a hand-held, multi-frequency antenna carried approximately 1 meter (m) above the land surface at walking speeds using a multi-frequency tool. All unprocessed and processed data including the in-phase and quadrature components in parts per million, electrical conductivity (EC) in milliSiemens per meter (mS/m), and magnetic susceptibility in parts per thousand are served in this data release. In addition, the data were inverted to generate depth dependent estimates of conductivity along the profiles. An analysis of the depth of investigation indicated the FDEM reliably estimated conductivity values to depths of about 3 m below land surface. These output data are also served in this data release.

In June 2018, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collected geophysical measurements to help evaluate the suitability of a proposed landfill site for disposing mine-waste materials in Fredericktown, MO. Frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM) induction data were collected above the land surface along the cleared paths through the proposed disposal cell locations. The data were collected with a hand-held, multi-frequency antenna carried approximately 1 meter (m) above the land surface at walking speeds using a multi-frequency tool. All unprocessed and processed data including the in-phase and quadrature components in parts per million, electrical conductivity (EC) in milliSiemens per meter (mS/m), and magnetic susceptibility in parts per thousand are served in this data release. In addition, the data were inverted to generate depth dependent estimates of conductivity along the profiles. An analysis of the depth of investigation indicated the FDEM reliably estimated conductivity values to depths of about 3 m below land surface. These output data are also served in this data release.

An initial reconnaissance survey in March 2016 and a subsequent survey in July 2016 was conducted to identify possible groundwater discharge points along the stream reach using a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera in seasonal extremes. The high-resolution thermal imaging camera captures the emitted infrared radiation of the objects in view. Recent studies using similar ground-based thermal infrared imaging techniques have been successful in qualitatively locating groundwater discharge along discrete features, such as fractures and faults, as well as diffuse seepage along stream banks (Deitchman and Loheide, 2009; Pandey and others, 2013). Sites of interest were those where temperature differences were observed between the stream surface and points of streambank inflow, more specifically where warmer groundwater was observed flowing from the streambank into the relatively cooler stream during the winter and cooler groundwater entering the relatively warmer stream during the summer.

An initial reconnaissance survey in March 2016 and a subsequent survey in July 2016 was conducted to identify possible groundwater discharge points along the stream reach using a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera in seasonal extremes. The high-resolution thermal imaging camera captures the emitted infrared radiation of the objects in view. Recent studies using similar ground-based thermal infrared imaging techniques have been successful in qualitatively locating groundwater discharge along discrete features, such as fractures and faults, as well as diffuse seepage along stream banks (Deitchman and Loheide, 2009; Pandey and others, 2013). Sites of interest were those where temperature differences were observed between the stream surface and points of streambank inflow, more specifically where warmer groundwater was observed flowing from the streambank into the relatively cooler stream during the winter and cooler groundwater entering the relatively warmer stream during the summer.