The surface reflectance CDR is generated from specialized software called Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System (LEDAPS). LEDAPS was originally developed through a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs)grant by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and the University of Maryland (Masek et al., 2006). The software applies Moderate Resolution Imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) atmospheric correction routines to Level-1 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) or Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)data. Water,vapor, ozone, geopotential height, aerosol optical thickness,and digital elevation are input with Landsat data to the Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) radiative transfer models to generate top of atmosphere (TOA)reflectance, surface reflectance, brightness temperature, and masks for clouds, cloud shadows, adjacent clouds, land, and water. The result is delivered as the Landsat surface reflectance CDR.

The surface reflectance CDR is generated from specialized software called Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System (LEDAPS). LEDAPS was originally developed through a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs)grant by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and the University of Maryland (Masek et al., 2006). The software applies Moderate Resolution Imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) atmospheric correction routines to Level-1 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) or Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)data. Water,vapor, ozone, geopotential height, aerosol optical thickness,and digital elevation are input with Landsat data to the Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) radiative transfer models to generate top of atmosphere (TOA)reflectance, surface reflectance, brightness temperature, and masks for clouds, cloud shadows, adjacent clouds, land, and water. The result is delivered as the Landsat surface reflectance CDR.

The surface reflectance CDR is generated from specialized software called Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System (LEDAPS). LEDAPS was originally developed through a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs)grant by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and the University of Maryland (Masek et al., 2006). The software applies Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) atmospheric correction routines to Level-1 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) or Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)data. Water,vapor, ozone, geopotential height, aerosol optical thickness,and digital elevation are input with Landsat data to the Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) radiative transfer models to generate top of atmosphere (TOA)reflectance, surface reflectance, brightness temperature, and masks for clouds, cloud shadows, adjacent clouds, land, and water. The result is delivered as the Landsat surface reflectance CDR.

Landsat satellite data have been produced, archived, and distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) since 1972. Users rely on these data for historical study of land surface change but shoulder the burden of post-production processing to create applications-ready data sets.

Landsat satellite data have been produced, archived, and distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) since 1972. Users rely on these data for historical study of land surface change but shoulder the burden of post-production processing to create applications-ready data sets.

This dataset includes Level-2 (L2) surface reflectance imagery from the AVIRIS-Classic instrument collected for NASA's Western Diversity Time Series Project over California and Nevada in 2013 to 2018. AVIRIS-Classic imagery were collected on the NASA ER-2 from altitude of 19,800 m, yielding imagery with 15-20 m ground sample distance. AVIRIS-Classic is a 224-channel whisk-broom instrument with four grating imaging spectrometers covering a spectral range from 400-2500 nm, with spectral sampling every 10 nm. Radiometric calibration accuracy is within 1 nm, and signal to noise ratio is greater than 100:1. Existing L2 imagery were reprocessed co-register pixels with cloud-free panchromatic imagery from Landsat. Then, topographic, FlexBRDF, and glint corrections were applied and the georectified images were resampled to 15-m spatial resolution. The imagery data are provided in ENVI format. Ground control points used in georectification along the BRDF and topographic correction coefficients are provided in JSON files.

The Long-Term Data Record (LTDR) produces, validates, and distributes a global land surface climate data record (CDR) that uses both mature and well-tested algorithms in concert with the best-available polar-orbiting satellite data from past to the present. The CDR is critically important to studying global climate change. The LTDR project is unique in that it serves as a bridge that connects data derived from the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the EOS Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), and Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) VIIRS missions. The LTDR draws from the following eight AVHRR missions: NOAA-7, NOAA-9, NOAA-11, NOAA-14, NOAA-16, NOAA-18, NOAA-19, and MetOp-B. Currently, the project generates a daily surface reflectance product as the fundamental climate data record (FCDR) and derives daily Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Leaf-Area Index/fraction of absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (LAI/fPAR) as two thematic CDRs (TCDR). LAI/fPAR was developed as an experimental product. The METOP-B AVHRR Atmospherically Corrected Surface Reflectance Daily L3 Global 0.05 Deg CMG, short-name M1_ AVH09C1 is generated from GIMMS Advanced Processing System (GAPS) BRDF-corrected Surface Reflectance product (AVH01C1). The M1_ AVH09C1 consist of BRDF-corrected surface reflectance for bands 1, 2, and 3, data Quality flags, angles (solar zenith, view zenith, and relative azimuth), and thermal data (thermal bands 3, 4, and 5). The AVH09C1 product is available in HDF4 file format.

This dataset contains Level 2A (L2A) unrectified surface reflectance images from NASA's Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer-Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) instrument. This imagery was collected as part of the Surface Biology and Geology High-Frequency Time Series (SHIFT) campaign which occurred during February to May, 2022, with a follow up activity for one week in September. The SHIFT campaign leveraged NASA's AVIRIS-NG facility instrument to collect VSWIR data at approximately a weekly cadence across a broad study area, enabling traceability analyses related to the science value of VSWIR revisits. This campaign will generate precise, high-frequency data on plant communities collected over nearly 1,656 square kilometers across Santa Barbara County, California, US, and nearby coastal Pacific waters. AVIRIS-NG is a pushbroom spectral mapping system with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), designed and toleranced for high performance spectroscopy. AVIRIS-NG measures reflected radiance at 5-nm intervals in the Visible to Shortwave Infrared (VSWIR) spectral range from 380-2510 nm. The AVIRIS-NG sensor has a 1 milliradian instantaneous field of view, providing altitude dependent ground sampling distances from 20 m to sub-meter range. The AVIRIS-NG L2A data are provided in ENVI binary format, which includes a flat binary file accompanied by a header (.hdr) file holding metadata in text format.

The 8-day Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) (https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/dataset_discovery/viirs) surface reflectance (VJ109A1) Version 2 composite product provides an estimate of land surface reflectance from the NOAA-20 VIIRS sensor for nine moderate resolution bands (M1 - M5, M7, M8, M10, M11) at nominal 1 kilometer resolution (~926 meter). The 1 kilometer dataset is derived through resampling the native 750 meter VIIRS resolution in the Level 2 input product. The data are corrected for atmospheric conditions such as the effects of molecular gases, including ozone and water vapor, and for the effects of atmospheric aerosols. Each pixel represents the best possible Level 2G observation during an 8-day period that is selected on the basis of high observation coverage, low sensor angle, the absence of clouds or cloud shadow, and aerosol loading. Included in the product along with the nine reflectance bands are day of year, reflectance band quality, control, reflectance state quality assurance, relative azimuth angle, sensor zenith angle, and solar zenith angle layers.

Landsat Level-2 Surface Reflectance Collection 2 products contain atmospherically corrected spectral reflectance data derived from Level-1 products and are available for the Landsat 4–9 missions, spanning the period from 1982 to present. These data offer consistent and continuous measurements of Earth's surface reflectance to support long-term environmental studies. Comprehensive quality assessment measures, including quality flags and Level-2 processing details, enable users to filter and analyze data based on their reliability.