EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. The viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates is extracted and tested for enterovirus and norovirus RNA using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 31% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Fout , S., J. Cashdollar , S. Griffin , N. Brinkman , E. Varughese , and S. Parshionikar. EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR. Journal of Visualized Experiments. JoVE, Somerville, MA, USA, 107: e52646, (2016).

Groundwater samples and reageant grade water samples. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Fout , S., and J. Cashdollar. EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay. Journal of Visualized Experiments. JoVE, Somerville, MA, USA, 115: e52437, (2016).

Provides droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) measurements of adenovirus and norovirus in three decentralized wastewater and graywater collection systems. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Jahne, M., N. Brinkman, S. Keely, B. Zimmerman, E. Wheaton, and J. Garland. Droplet Digital PCR Quantification of Norovirus and Adenovirus in Decentralized Wastewater and Graywater Collections: Implications for Onsite Reuse. WATER RESEARCH. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 169: 115213, (2020).

Provides droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) measurements of adenovirus and norovirus in three decentralized wastewater and graywater collection systems. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Jahne, M., N. Brinkman, S. Keely, B. Zimmerman, E. Wheaton, and J. Garland. Droplet Digital PCR Quantification of Norovirus and Adenovirus in Decentralized Wastewater and Graywater Collections: Implications for Onsite Reuse. WATER RESEARCH. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 169: 115213, (2020).

Drinking water treatment plants rely on purification of contaminated source waters to provide communities with potable water. One group of possible contaminants are enteric viruses. Measurement of viral quantities in environmental water systems are often performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or quantitative PCR (qPCR). However, true values may be underestimated due to challenges involved in a multi-step viral concentration process and due to PCR inhibition. In this study, water samples were concentrated from 25 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) across the US to study the occurrence of enteric viruses in source water and removal after treatment. The five different types of viruses studied were adenovirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, enterovirus, and polyomavirus. Quantitative PCR was performed on all samples to determine presence or absence of these viruses in each sample. Ten DWTPs showed presence of one or more viruses in source water, with four DWTPs having treated drinking water testing positive. Furthermore, PCR inhibition was assessed for each sample using an exogenous amplification control, which indicated that all of the DWTP samples, including source and treated water samples, had some level of inhibition, confirming that inhibition plays an important role in PCR-based assessments of environmental samples. PCR inhibition measurements, viral recovery, and other assessments were incorporated into a Bayesian model to more accurately determine viral load in both source and treated water. Results of the Bayesian model indicated that viruses are present in source water and treated water. By using a Bayesian framework that incorporates inhibition, as well as many other parameters that affect viral detection, this study offers an approach for more accurately estimating the occurrence of viral pathogens in environmental waters. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Varughese, E., N. Brinkman, E. Anneken, J. Cashdollar, S. Fout, E. Furlong, D. Kolpin, S. Glassmeyer, and S. Keely. Estimating virus occurrence using Bayesian modeling in multiple drinking water systems of the United States. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier BV, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 619620: 1330-1339, (2018).

Drinking water treatment plants rely on purification of contaminated source waters to provide communities with potable water. One group of possible contaminants are enteric viruses. Measurement of viral quantities in environmental water systems are often performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or quantitative PCR (qPCR). However, true values may be underestimated due to challenges involved in a multi-step viral concentration process and due to PCR inhibition. In this study, water samples were concentrated from 25 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) across the US to study the occurrence of enteric viruses in source water and removal after treatment. The five different types of viruses studied were adenovirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, enterovirus, and polyomavirus. Quantitative PCR was performed on all samples to determine presence or absence of these viruses in each sample. Ten DWTPs showed presence of one or more viruses in source water, with four DWTPs having treated drinking water testing positive. Furthermore, PCR inhibition was assessed for each sample using an exogenous amplification control, which indicated that all of the DWTP samples, including source and treated water samples, had some level of inhibition, confirming that inhibition plays an important role in PCR-based assessments of environmental samples. PCR inhibition measurements, viral recovery, and other assessments were incorporated into a Bayesian model to more accurately determine viral load in both source and treated water. Results of the Bayesian model indicated that viruses are present in source water and treated water. By using a Bayesian framework that incorporates inhibition, as well as many other parameters that affect viral detection, this study offers an approach for more accurately estimating the occurrence of viral pathogens in environmental waters. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Varughese, E., N. Brinkman, E. Anneken, J. Cashdollar, S. Fout, E. Furlong, D. Kolpin, S. Glassmeyer, and S. Keely. Estimating virus occurrence using Bayesian modeling in multiple drinking water systems of the United States. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier BV, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 619620: 1330-1339, (2018).

1. Paragraph describing where to access the risk models and cryptosporidium data 2. Excel of norovirus data in ambient water. Citation information for this dataset can be found in the EDG's Metadata Reference Information section and Data.gov's References section.

This dataset contains the enterovirus genome copies measured per liter of sample and read counts obtained from amplicon sequencing of the VP1 and VP4 genes. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Brinkman , N., S. Fout , and S. Keely. Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. mSphere. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA, 2(3): e00099-17, (2017).

This dataset contains the enterovirus genome copies measured per liter of sample and read counts obtained from amplicon sequencing of the VP1 and VP4 genes. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Brinkman , N., S. Fout , and S. Keely. Retrospective Surveillance of Wastewater To Examine Seasonal Dynamics of Enterovirus Infections. mSphere. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA, 2(3): e00099-17, (2017).

Epidemiology data from beachgoers including demographic details. Results from saliva tests for markers of infection with waterborne pathogens. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Contact Tim Wade (wade.tim@epa.gov) for details regarding data access. Format: Data are stored in SAS datasets and MS Excel files. Data are documented with codebooks in MS Word describing variables. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Wade, T., S. Griffin, A. Egorov, E. Sams, E. Hudgens, S. Augustine, S. Deflorio-Barker, T. Plunkett, A. Dufour, J. Styles, and K. Oshima. Application of a multiplex salivary immunoassay to detect sporadic incident norovirus infections. Scientific Reports. Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 9(19576): 1, (2019).