The SBU Mobile Sounding IMPACTS dataset consists of mobile sounding profiles collected during the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) campaign. Funded by NASA’s Earth Venture program, IMPACTS is the first comprehensive study of East Coast snowstorms in 30 years. Mobile-sounding profiles were obtained about every three hours during snow events by Stony Brook University (SBU). The sounding measures temperature, humidity, height, and horizontal wind direction and speed in the atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure is calculated from GPS height. Data files are available from January 18, 2020, through February 28, 2023 in netCDF-3 format.

The UAlbany Soundings IMPACTS dataset consists of data measured with the iMet-3050A sounding system using 200-g meteorological balloons during the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) field campaign. IMPACTS was a three-year sequence of winter season deployments conducted to study snowstorms over the U.S. Atlantic coast. IMPACTS aimed to (1) Provide observations critical to understanding the mechanisms of snowband formation, organization, and evolution; (2) Examine how the microphysical characteristics and likely growth mechanisms of snow particles vary across snowbands; and (3) Improve snowfall remote sensing interpretation and modeling to significantly advance prediction capabilities. The UAlbany Soundings IMPACTS dataset consists of atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, mixing ratio, wind speed, and wind direction measurements. These data are available from January 5, 2023, through March 1, 2023, in ASCII format.

The NCSU Soundings IMPACTS dataset consists of atmospheric-sounding data collected by the North Carolina State University student sounding club. These data include vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind speed, and wind direction. These rawinsondes were launched from Raleigh, NC in support of the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) field campaign. IMPACTS was a three-year sequence of winter season deployments conducted to study snowstorms over the U.S Atlantic Coast (2020-2023). The campaign aimed to (1) Provide observations critical to understanding the mechanisms of snowband formation, organization, and evolution; (2) Examine how the microphysical characteristics and likely growth mechanisms of snow particles vary across snowbands; and (3) Improve snowfall remote sensing interpretation and modeling to significantly advance prediction capabilities. The sounding data files are available in netCDF-4 format for February 20, 2020, from February 12, 2023.

The High Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) is a 25-channel microwave atmospheric sounder operating as a cross-track scanner. There are three bands: an 8-channel band near 50-GHz, used for primary temperature sounding; a 10-channel band near 118 GHz, used for secondary temperature sounding and assessment of scattering; a 7-channel band near 183 GHz, used for water vapor sounding. The instrument is continuously self-calibrating using internal calibration targets. Radiometric sensitivity at the composite sampling cells provided in the archive is typically 0.1 and ranges up to 0.25 K for the stratospheric channels. Calibration accuracy is estimated at better than 1 K for temperature sounding and better than 2 K for water vapor sounding. Temperature weighting function peaks are distributed between the surface and the flight altitude. HAMSR was mounted in a wing pod of a NASA ER-2 research aircraft. The TCSP mission collected data for research and documentation of cyclogenesis, the interaction of temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind and air pressure that creates ideal birthing conditions for tropical storms, hurricanes and related phenomena. The goal of this mission was to help us better understand how hurricanes and other tropical storms are formed and intensify. Regular image processing was available beginning on 12 July. The scan schedule was maintained through the end of July.

The High Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) CPEX-AW dataset includes measurements gathered by the HAMSR instrument during the Convective Processes Experiment – Aerosols & Winds (CPEX-AW) field campaign. CPEX-AW was a joint effort between the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) with the primary goal of conducting a post-launch calibration and validation activities of the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission-Aeolus (ADM-AEOLUS) Earth observation wind Lidar satellite in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. HAMSR has 25 spectral channels which are split into 3 bands to provide measurements that can be used to infer the 3-dimensional distribution of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid water profiles in the atmosphere, even in the presence of clouds. HAMSR is mounted in payload zone 3 near the nose of the Global Hawk NASA aircraft. Data is available from August 17, 2021 through September 4, 2021 in netCDF-3 format, with associated browse files in PNG format.

The High Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) CPEX dataset includes measurements gathered by the HAMSR instrument during the Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) field campaign. The CPEX field campaign took place in the North Atlantic-Gulf of America-Caribbean Sea region from 25 May-25 June 2017. CPEX conducted a total of sixteen DC-8 missions from 27 May-24 June. The CPEX campaign collected data to help explain convective storm initiation, organization, growth, and dissipation in the North Atlantic-Gulf of America-Caribbean Oceanic region during the early summer of 2017. HAMSR has 25 spectral channels which are split into 3 bands to provide measurements that can be used to infer the 3-dimensional distribution of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid water profiles in the atmosphere, even in the presence of clouds. Data are available from May 24, 2017 through July 16, 2017 in netCDF-3 format.

The High Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) CPEX-CV dataset includes measurements gathered by the HAMSR instrument during the Convective Processes Experiment – Cabo Verde (CPEX-CV) field campaign. The NASA CPEX-CV field campaign will be based out of Sal Island, Cabo Verde from August through September 2022. The campaign is a continuation of CPEX – Aerosols and Winds (CPEX-AW) and was conducted aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft equipped with remote sensors and dropsonde-launch capability that will allow for the measurement of tropospheric aerosols, winds, temperature, water vapor, and precipitation. The overarching CPEX-CV goal was to investigate atmospheric dynamics, marine boundary layer properties, convection, the dust-laden Saharan Air Layer, and their interactions across various spatial scales to improve understanding and predictability of process-level lifecycles in the data-sparse tropical East Atlantic region. HAMSR has 25 spectral channels which are split into 3 bands to provide measurements that can be used to infer the 3-dimensional distribution of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid water profiles in the atmosphere, even in the presence of clouds. Data are available from September 6-30, 2022 in netCDF-4 format.

The High Altitude MMIC Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR) EPOCH dataset includes measurements gathered by the HAMSR instrument during the East Pacific Origins and Characteristics of Hurricanes (EPOCH) project. EPOCH was a NASA program manager training opportunity directed at training NASA young scientists in conceiving, planning, and executing a major airborne science field program. The goals of the EPOCH project were to sample tropical cyclogenesis or intensification of an Eastern Pacific hurricane and to train the next generation of NASA Airborne Science Program leadership. HAMSR has 25 spectral channels which are split into 3 bands to provide measurements that can be used to infer the 3 dimensional distribution of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid water profiles in the atmosphere, even in the presence of clouds. HAMSR is mounted in payload zone 3 near the nose of the Global Hawk NASA aircraft. Data is available from August 9, 2017 through August 31, 2017 in netCDF-3 format.

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) CPEX dataset contains products obtained from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard the NASA Aqua satellite. These data were collected in support of the NASA Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) field campaign. The CPEX field campaign took place in the North Atlantic-Gulf of America-Caribbean Sea region and conducted a total of sixteen DC-8 missions from May through June 2017. The CPEX campaign collected data to help explain convective storm initiation, organization, growth, and dissipation in the North Atlantic-Gulf of America-Caribbean Oceanic region during the early summer of 2017. These data are available from May 11, 2017 through July 16, 2017 and are available in HDF-4 format.