The UAlbany Soundings IMPACTS dataset consists of data measured with the iMet-3050A sounding system using 200-g meteorological balloons during the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) field campaign. IMPACTS was a three-year sequence of winter season deployments conducted to study snowstorms over the U.S. Atlantic coast. IMPACTS aimed to (1) Provide observations critical to understanding the mechanisms of snowband formation, organization, and evolution; (2) Examine how the microphysical characteristics and likely growth mechanisms of snow particles vary across snowbands; and (3) Improve snowfall remote sensing interpretation and modeling to significantly advance prediction capabilities. The UAlbany Soundings IMPACTS dataset consists of atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, mixing ratio, wind speed, and wind direction measurements. These data are available from January 5, 2023, through March 1, 2023, in ASCII format.

The SBU Mobile Sounding IMPACTS dataset consists of mobile sounding profiles collected during the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) campaign. Funded by NASA’s Earth Venture program, IMPACTS is the first comprehensive study of East Coast snowstorms in 30 years. Mobile-sounding profiles were obtained about every three hours during snow events by Stony Brook University (SBU). The sounding measures temperature, humidity, height, and horizontal wind direction and speed in the atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure is calculated from GPS height. Data files are available from January 18, 2020, through February 28, 2023 in netCDF-3 format.

The Mobile UIUC Soundings IMPACTS dataset consists of atmospheric sounding data collected by rawinsondes launched during the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) field campaign. These data include vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind speed, and wind direction. Specifically, these rawinsondes were provided by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). IMPACTS was a three-year sequence of winter season deployments conducted to study snowstorms over the U.S Atlantic Coast. The campaign aimed to (1) Provide observations critical to understanding the mechanisms of snowband formation, organization, and evolution; (2) Examine how the microphysical characteristics and likely growth mechanisms of snow particles vary across snowbands; and (3) Improve snowfall remote sensing interpretation and modeling to significantly advance prediction capabilities. The sounding data files are available in netCDF-4 format from January 18 through February 25, 2022, though it should be noted that this dataset will be updated in subsequent years of the IMPACTS campaign.

The NOAA Soundings IMPACTS dataset was collected from January 1, 2020, through March 1, 2023, during the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) field campaign. The goal of IMPACTS was to provide observations critical to understanding the mechanisms of snowband formation, organization, and evolution, examine how the microphysical characteristics and likely growth mechanisms of snow particles vary across snowbands, and improve snowfall remote sensing interpretation and modeling to significantly advance prediction capabilities. These radiosonde data files include wind direction, dew point temperature, geopotential height, mixing ratio, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, temperature, potential temperature, equivalent potential temperature, and virtual potential temperature measurements at various levels of the troposphere. The data are available in netCDF-4 format.

The SBU Meteorological Station IMPACTS dataset consists of weather station data collected at two Stony Brook University (SBU) weather stations (1 mobile radar truck and 1 stationary site in Manhattan, New York City, New York) during the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) field campaign. IMPACTS was a three-year sequence of winter season deployments conducted to study snowstorms over the U.S. Atlantic Coast (2020-2023). The campaign aimed to (1) Provide observations critical to understanding the mechanisms of snowband formation, organization, and evolution; (2) Examine how the microphysical characteristics and likely growth mechanisms of snow particles vary across snowbands; and (3) Improve snowfall remote sensing interpretation and modeling to advance prediction capabilities significantly. The surface meteorological data variables include temperature, dew point, relative humidity, absolute humidity, mixing ratio, air pressure, windspeed, and wind direction. The dataset files are available from January 1, 2020, through January 25, 2023, in netCDF-4 and ASCII-CSV formats.

The NOAA Radiosonde Observations - 1989 (NCDC) Data Set contains radiosonde data obtained from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). These 396 days of data cover 13 months from October 1988 through October 1989. These data were collected using sondes released in Dodge City and Topeka Kansas, 337 km and 68 km, respectively, from the FIFE study area. Radiosonde observations were made to determine the pressure, temperature, and humidity from the surface to the point where the sounding was terminated. It is assumed that the use of these data is applicable to the FIFE study because these meteorological data are relatively stable in the horizontal domain. These data may be used as input to numerical models, as well as verification data for simulation studies.

The FIFE Standard Pressure Level Radiosonde Data Set provides a set of standard level profiles (i.e., 5 mb pressure intervals) from over 450 radiosonde balloon flights, which occurred every one to three hours (daylight hours) during the FIFE IFCs. This derived profile data were computed to 5 mb pressure intervals through simple linear interpolation means. An assumption exists that a linear interpolation scheme may be used with sufficient accuracy to assign meteorological values at 5 mb pressure levels. Some errors are introduced using this method. Several new variables were computed from the original FIFE Radiosonde Data and are included in this derived data set. U (east-west) and V (north-south) winds have been computed from wind speed and direction, and potential temperature has been computed from pressure and temperature. These new parameters are desirable for initial conditions in numerical models as well as forcing functions in models, or as verification and comparison of numerical model's results.

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) CPEX dataset contains products obtained from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard the NASA Aqua satellite. These data were collected in support of the NASA Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) field campaign. The CPEX field campaign took place in the North Atlantic-Gulf of America-Caribbean Sea region and conducted a total of sixteen DC-8 missions from May through June 2017. The CPEX campaign collected data to help explain convective storm initiation, organization, growth, and dissipation in the North Atlantic-Gulf of America-Caribbean Oceanic region during the early summer of 2017. These data are available from May 11, 2017 through July 16, 2017 and are available in HDF-4 format.

The St. Croix Radiosondes CPEX-AW dataset consists of atmospheric pressure, atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction measurements. These measurements were taken from the DFM-09 Radiosonde instrument during the Convective Processes Experiment – Aerosols & Winds (CPEX-AW) field campaign. CPEX-AW was a joint effort between the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) with the primary goal of conducting a post-launch calibration and validation activities of the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission-Aeolus (ADM-AEOLUS) Earth observation wind Lidar satellite in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Data are available from August 19, 2021 through September 14, 2021 in netCDF and ASCII formats, with associated browse imagery in PNG format.

The SBU Pluvio Precipitation Gauge IMPACTS dataset consists of precipitation intensity and precipitation accumulation collected using the OTT Pluvio2 weighing rain gauge during the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) campaign. NASA’s Earth Venture program funded IMPACTS is the first comprehensive study of East Coast snowstorms in 30 years. The campaign aimed to (1) Provide observations critical to understanding the mechanisms of snowband formation, organization, and evolution; (2) Examine how the microphysical characteristics and likely growth mechanisms of snow particles vary across snowbands; and (3) Improve snowfall remote sensing interpretation and modeling to significantly advance prediction capabilities. Data files in this dataset are available in ASCII-CSV format from January 7, 2020, through March 2, 2023.