The NAMMA ATD Lightning data provided by the UK Meterological Office from multiple outstations contains lightning stroke data, latitude and longitude, accuracy and weighting for fading-in flashes of lightning for the African Coast during the NAMMA experiment. Time is determined by the Arrival Time Difference (ATD) of the reporting stations. These data files were generated during support of the NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) campaign, a field research investigation sponsored by the Science Mission Directorate of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This mission was based in the Cape Verde Islands, 350 miles off the coast of Senegal in west Africa. Commencing in August 2006, NASA scientists employed surface observation networks and aircraft to characterize the evolution and structure of African Easterly Waves (AEWs) and Mesoscale Convective Systems over continental western Africa, and their associated impacts on regional water and energy budgets.

The NAMMA Lightning ZEUS data is provided by World-ZEUS Long Range Lightning Monitoring Network Data obtained from radio atmospheric signals located at thirteen ground stations spread across the European and African continents and Brazil from August 1, 2006 to October 1, 2006. Lightning activity occurring over a large part of the globe is continuously monitored at varying spatial accuracy (e.g. 10-20 km within and >50 km outside the network periphery) and high temporal (1 msec) resolution. Time is determined by the Arrival Time Difference between the time series from the pairs of the receivers. These data files were generated during support of the NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) campaign, a field research investigation sponsored by the Science Mission Directorate of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This mission was based in the Cape Verde Islands, 350 miles off the coast of Senegal in west Africa. Commencing in August 2006, NASA scientists employed surface observation networks and aircraft to characterize the evolution and structure of African Easterly Waves (AEWs) and Mesoscale Convective Systems over continental western Africa, and their associated impacts on regional water and energy budgets.

The NAMMA Lightning ZEUS data is provided by World-ZEUS Long Range Lightning Monitoring Network Data obtained from radio atmospheric signals located at thirteen ground stations spread across the European and African continents and Brazil from August 1, 2006 to October 1, 2006. Lightning activity occurring over a large part of the globe is continuously monitored at varying spatial accuracy (e.g. 10-20 km within and >50 km outside the network periphery) and high temporal (1 msec) resolution. Time is determined by the Arrival Time Difference between the time series from the pairs of the receivers. These data files were generated during support of the NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) campaign, a field research investigation sponsored by the Science Mission Directorate of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This mission was based in the Cape Verde Islands, 350 miles off the coast of Senegal in west Africa. Commencing in August 2006, NASA scientists employed surface observation networks and aircraft to characterize the evolution and structure of African Easterly Waves (AEWs) and Mesoscale Convective Systems over continental western Africa, and their associated impacts on regional water and energy budgets.

The NAMMA Senegal Rain Gauge Network consisted of 40 rain gauge sites (AMMA 1-40) located in various places throughout Senegal, West Africa. These data files were generated during support of the NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) campaign, a field research investigation sponsored by the Science Mission Directorate of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This mission was based in the Cape Verde Islands, 350 miles off the coast of Senegal in west Africa. Commencing in August 2006, NASA scientists employed surface observation networks and aircraft to characterize the evolution and structure of African Easterly Waves (AEWs) and Mesoscale Convective Systems over continental western Africa, and their associated impacts on regional water and energy budgets. The Rain Gauge Network consisted of the large-scale rain gauge network. The rain gauges collected one-minute accumulation data. The location and photos of each site can be found in an accompanying PDF document: NAMMA_Raingauge_network.pdf.

This dataset describes observations made of lightning by sensors distributed in Ballarat. The information was collected in real time by the sensors. The intended use of the information is to inform the public of the historical measured observations of lightning in Ballarat. The dataset is typically updated every 15 minutes. Observations are made as per the ATMOS41 manual: The lightning sensor acts much like an AM radio. During a thunderstorm, the crack of the lightning disrupts the AM signal. The integrated circuit inside the sensor listens for this disturbance and registers the time of and distance (intensity of signal) to the strike. The sensor outputs the total number of strikes and average distance to these strikes in the measurement period. The City of Ballarat is not an official source of weather information. These observations are provided to the public for informative purposes only. Use other channels for official meteorological observations and forecasts.

The NAMMA Senegal Rain Gauge Network consisted of 40 rain gauge sites (AMMA 1-40) located in various places throughout Senegal, West Africa. These data files were generated during support of the NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) campaign, a field research investigation sponsored by the Science Mission Directorate of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This mission was based in the Cape Verde Islands, 350 miles off the coast of Senegal in west Africa. Commencing in August 2006, NASA scientists employed surface observation networks and aircraft to characterize the evolution and structure of African Easterly Waves (AEWs) and Mesoscale Convective Systems over continental western Africa, and their associated impacts on regional water and energy budgets. The Rain Gauge Network consisted of the large-scale rain gauge network. The rain gauges collected one-minute accumulation data. The location and photos of each site can be found in an accompanying PDF document: NAMMA_Raingauge_network.pdf.

The TRMM-LBA Lightning Instrument Package (LIP) dataset consists of electrical field measurements of lightning from eight field mills, conductivity probe temperatures from two probes, and navigation data, for the period of January 22 through February 24, 1999. These data were collected by the LIP instrument flown aboard the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft over the Amazon River basin in Brazil during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission-Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (TRMM-LBA) field campaign. The LIP instrument was used to validate measurements by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). These data are provided in HDF-4 format with browse imagery available in GIF format.

Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR) Raw data consists of level 1 lightning data collected from February 25, 1997 through June 11, 2008. The LDR system is located at the Kennedy Space Center. The center latitude and longitude of the LDAR network is 28.5387 and -80.6428. All x, y, and z values represent distance (in meters) from this location. LDAR is a volumetric lightning mapping system providing near real-time location of lightning in support of Space Shuttle operations. These data are in ASCII format.

Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR) Raw data consists of level 1 lightning data collected from February 25, 1997 through June 11, 2008. The LDR system is located at the Kennedy Space Center. The center latitude and longitude of the LDAR network is 28.5387 and -80.6428. All x, y, and z values represent distance (in meters) from this location. LDAR is a volumetric lightning mapping system providing near real-time location of lightning in support of Space Shuttle operations. These data are in ASCII format.