The dataset contains reviewed and collected data for: lead profile sampling at different sites and systems; figures classifying observed scale mineralogy; comparisons of adjusted first-draw concentrations compared to LSL sample concentrations, and some maps of interior plumbing to accompany the lead profile sampling. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Tully, J., M. DeSantis, and M. Schock. Water quality-pipe deposit relationships in Midwestern lead pipes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, USA, 1(2): 1-18, (2019).

Tap water lead profiles from the Del Toral et al (2013) study, grouped in disturbed and undisturbed Pb service line sites. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Wasserstrom, L., S. Miller , S. Triantafyllidou, M. DeSantis, and M. Schock. Scale Formation under Blended Phosphate Treatment for a Utility with Lead Pipes. Journal AWWA. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, USA, 109(11): E464-E478, (2017).

Tap water lead profiles from the Del Toral et al (2013) study, grouped in disturbed and undisturbed Pb service line sites. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Wasserstrom, L., S. Miller , S. Triantafyllidou, M. DeSantis, and M. Schock. Scale Formation under Blended Phosphate Treatment for a Utility with Lead Pipes. Journal AWWA. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, USA, 109(11): E464-E478, (2017).

Calculations and the underlying data used to characterize and describe the calcium-lead phosphate minerals identified in lead service line pipe scales. This dataset is associated with the following publication: DeSantis, M., M. Schock, J. Tully, and C. Bennett-Stamper. Orthophosphate Interactions with Destabilized PbO2 Scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, 54(22): 14302–14311, (2020).

Calculations and the underlying data used to characterize and describe the calcium-lead phosphate minerals identified in lead service line pipe scales. This dataset is associated with the following publication: DeSantis, M., M. Schock, J. Tully, and C. Bennett-Stamper. Orthophosphate Interactions with Destabilized PbO2 Scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, 54(22): 14302–14311, (2020).

This work discusses drinking water sampling efforts for lead in Flint, MI. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Lytle, D., M. Schock, K. Wait, K. Cahalan, V. Bosscher, A. Porter, and M. Deltoral. SEQUENTIAL DRINKING WATER SAMPLING AS A TOOL FOR EVALUATING LEAD IN FLINT, MICHIGAN. WATER RESEARCH. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 157: 40-54, (2019).

This work discusses drinking water sampling efforts for lead in Flint, MI. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Lytle, D., M. Schock, K. Wait, K. Cahalan, V. Bosscher, A. Porter, and M. Deltoral. SEQUENTIAL DRINKING WATER SAMPLING AS A TOOL FOR EVALUATING LEAD IN FLINT, MICHIGAN. WATER RESEARCH. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 157: 40-54, (2019).

A calcium phosphate solid formed as an unintended consequence of a novel high-pH orthophosphate lead corrosion control strategy in Providence, RI, causing some consumer complaints and clogged plumbing. The calcium phosphate initially precipitated at orthophosphate doses above about 2 mg/L as PO4 during field testing, and the extent of precipitation increased with water age and higher temperature. Lab scale tests confirmed that doses above about 2 mg/L were required to form the precipitate in the absence of pre-existing calcium phosphate solids, and that the solid formed quickly at 60 °C (upper range for hot water heaters) and tended to dissolve at lower pH. Solubility modeling and other techniques suggest the solids are a mixture of compounds. For water systems currently practicing a high pH/low alkalinity corrosion control strategy, orthophosphate dosing can enhance plumbosolvency control without risky pH reduction, but calcium hardness puts a constraint on the maximum orthophosphate level that can be applied and tolerated. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Devine, C., K. Mello, M. Desantis, M. Schock, J. Tully, and M. Edwards. Calcium Phosphate Precipitation as an Unintended Consequence of Phosphate Dosing to High-pH Water. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., Larchmont, NY, USA, 41(5): 171-215, (2024).

The importance of galvanic corrosion as a mechanism of toxic lead release into drinking water has been under scientific debate in the U.S. for over 30 years. Visual and mineralogical analysis of 28 lead pipe joints, excavated after 60+ years by 8 U.S water utilities, provided the first direct view of galvanic corrosion presence/extent in practice. Three patterns were observed: (1) no galvanic corrosion; (2) galvanic corrosion with lead pipe cathodic relative to anodic copper/brass; (3) galvanic corrosion with lead pipe anodic relative to cathodic copper/brass. Pattern 3 is consistent with the order of increasing nobility found in empirical galvanic series (lead, brass, copper). Pattern 2 is consistent with galvanic battery reversion, possibly depending on certain water quality and/or flow conditions. A variety of copper-sulfate minerals (Pattern 2), and lead-sulfate and lead -chloride minerals (Pattern 3) were identified to form in the galvanic zones, with geochemical modeling confirming the required pH drop from the bulk water level to pH 3.0-4.0 (Pattern 2) and pH<5.5 (Pattern 3), as well as the migration of chloride and sulfate ions toward the sacrificial anode. Despite joints being over 60 years old, galvanic zones in Pattern 3 were active and possibly posed an important source of lead to drinking water. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: Overall, due to the nature of this observational research, no additional datasets would be useful to provide to the public. Most raw datasets in this research effort are not meaningful in x-y format and are not even readable by the public unless they own specialized software licenses, know how to use all of the software, and can interpret the data in its various formats as they relate to the project. The remainder of the information is photographs and tables with the raw data already included. It can be accessed through the following means: The data are generally very specific to the research topics explored, but could be shared with other researchers if requested. Interested parties who own and know how to use the specialized software involved in this research effort, may request the datasets by contacting the authors (our approved SDMP explains where all these records are located). Format: There is no single dataset and dataset format. The information is comprised of different files and electronic formats, mostly associated with specialized proprietary software that cannot be converted to x-y datasets in any meaningful way. The remainder of the information is photographs and tables with the raw data already included, so no additional raw data are needed for those. Our approved SDMP explains the data format for all figures and tables in this research effort. This dataset is associated with the following publication: DeSantis, M., S. Triantafyllidou, M. Schock, and D. Lytle. Mineralogical Evidence of Galvanic Corrosion in Drinking Water Lead Pipe Joints. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, 52(6): 3365-3374, (2018).

The importance of galvanic corrosion as a mechanism of toxic lead release into drinking water has been under scientific debate in the U.S. for over 30 years. Visual and mineralogical analysis of 28 lead pipe joints, excavated after 60+ years by 8 U.S water utilities, provided the first direct view of galvanic corrosion presence/extent in practice. Three patterns were observed: (1) no galvanic corrosion; (2) galvanic corrosion with lead pipe cathodic relative to anodic copper/brass; (3) galvanic corrosion with lead pipe anodic relative to cathodic copper/brass. Pattern 3 is consistent with the order of increasing nobility found in empirical galvanic series (lead, brass, copper). Pattern 2 is consistent with galvanic battery reversion, possibly depending on certain water quality and/or flow conditions. A variety of copper-sulfate minerals (Pattern 2), and lead-sulfate and lead -chloride minerals (Pattern 3) were identified to form in the galvanic zones, with geochemical modeling confirming the required pH drop from the bulk water level to pH 3.0-4.0 (Pattern 2) and pH<5.5 (Pattern 3), as well as the migration of chloride and sulfate ions toward the sacrificial anode. Despite joints being over 60 years old, galvanic zones in Pattern 3 were active and possibly posed an important source of lead to drinking water. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: Overall, due to the nature of this observational research, no additional datasets would be useful to provide to the public. Most raw datasets in this research effort are not meaningful in x-y format and are not even readable by the public unless they own specialized software licenses, know how to use all of the software, and can interpret the data in its various formats as they relate to the project. The remainder of the information is photographs and tables with the raw data already included. It can be accessed through the following means: The data are generally very specific to the research topics explored, but could be shared with other researchers if requested. Interested parties who own and know how to use the specialized software involved in this research effort, may request the datasets by contacting the authors (our approved SDMP explains where all these records are located). Format: There is no single dataset and dataset format. The information is comprised of different files and electronic formats, mostly associated with specialized proprietary software that cannot be converted to x-y datasets in any meaningful way. The remainder of the information is photographs and tables with the raw data already included, so no additional raw data are needed for those. Our approved SDMP explains the data format for all figures and tables in this research effort. This dataset is associated with the following publication: DeSantis, M., S. Triantafyllidou, M. Schock, and D. Lytle. Mineralogical Evidence of Galvanic Corrosion in Drinking Water Lead Pipe Joints. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, 52(6): 3365-3374, (2018).