This dataset contains Saildrone in-situ measurements taken during the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco during a pilot campaign over two weeks in October 2021, and an intensive operating period (IOP) in Fall 2022. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. Saildrones are wind-and-solar-powered unmanned surface vehicles rigged with atmospheric and oceanic sensors that measure upper ocean horizontal velocities, near-surface temperature and salinity, Chlorophyll-a fluorescence, dissolved oxygen concentration, 5-m winds, air temperature, and surface radiation. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) data samples originally measured at 1 Hz frequency are averaged into 5 minute bins, along with navigation data. Non-ADCP data from IOP1 contain additional bio-optical measurements. All data are available in netCDF format.

This dataset contains shipboard thermosalinograph (TSG), meteorology, and bio-optics measurements taken during the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) field campaign. The experiment was conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco, during a pilot campaign that spanned two weeks in October 2021, and two intensive operating periods in Fall 2022 and Spring 2023. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. The TSG instrument measures the temperature and conductivity of seawater passing through a port in the hull of the ship. TSG data is calibrated using water samples compared to standard seawater and a laboratory salinometer onboard the ship. This dataset also contains chlorophyll and meteorology measurements including air temperature, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, and radiative fluxes. Data are available in netCDF format, with separate dimensions for time, time of bio-optics measurements, and time of radiometer measurements.

The SWOT Level 2 Radiometer Brightness Temperatures and Troposphere Operational Geophysical Data Record (OGDR) Version 1.0 dataset produced by the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission provides atmospheric water vapor and liquid water content from the Advanced Microwave Radiometer (AMR), a Jason-class radiometer that measures sea surface brightness temperatures at three microwave frequencies (18.7, 23.8 and 34 GHz). Brightness temperatures are processed to estimate the wet troposphere content, atmospheric attenuation to backscatter, cloud liquid water, water vapor content, and wind speed coincident with each range measurement from the nadir altimeter and applied to correct for altimeter range delays caused by atmospheric effects. SWOT is a joint mission between NASA and CNES that launched on December 16, 2022 and aims to measure ocean surface topography with unprecedented resolution and accuracy, as well as map inland water bodies globally.The operational radiometer dataset consists of discrete measurements along two tracks located approximately 30-km to the left and right of the satellite nadir. They were processed using the onboard DORIS orbit ephemeris and preliminary calibrations. They are distributed as one file per data downlink in netCDF-4 file format with a nominal latency of < 7 hours.

The FIFE Standard Pressure Level Radiosonde Data Set provides a set of standard level profiles (i.e., 5 mb pressure intervals) from over 450 radiosonde balloon flights, which occurred every one to three hours (daylight hours) during the FIFE IFCs. This derived profile data were computed to 5 mb pressure intervals through simple linear interpolation means. An assumption exists that a linear interpolation scheme may be used with sufficient accuracy to assign meteorological values at 5 mb pressure levels. Some errors are introduced using this method. Several new variables were computed from the original FIFE Radiosonde Data and are included in this derived data set. U (east-west) and V (north-south) winds have been computed from wind speed and direction, and potential temperature has been computed from pressure and temperature. These new parameters are desirable for initial conditions in numerical models as well as forcing functions in models, or as verification and comparison of numerical model's results.

This dataset contains atmospheric sounding measurements taken during the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) field campaign. The experiment was conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco, during a pilot campaign that spanned two weeks in October 2021, and two intensive operating periods in Fall 2022 and Spring 2023. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. Sounding profiles were collected using shipboard Windsond S1H3-S radiosondes launched from the R/V Oceanus cruise OC2108A, to a maximum elevation of at least 5 km above ground level (ABL). These measurements are used to understand the vertical structure of atmospheric temperature, winds, and moisture. The original 1Hz observations were gridded onto a uniform 20 m vertical grid. The data are available in netCDF format with dimensions of altitude and profile number.

The SWOT Level 2 Radiometer Brightness Temperatures and Troposphere Interim Geophysical Data Record (IGDR) Version 1.0 dataset produced by the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission provides atmospheric water vapor and liquid water content from the Advanced Microwave Radiometer (AMR), a Jason-class radiometer that measures sea surface brightness temperatures at three microwave frequencies (18.7, 23.8 and 34 GHz). Brightness temperatures are processed to estimate the wet troposphere content, atmospheric attenuation to backscatter, cloud liquid water, water vapor content, and wind speed coincident with each range measurement from the nadir altimeter and applied to correct for altimeter range delays caused by atmospheric effects. SWOT is a joint mission between NASA and CNES that launched on December 16, 2022. It aims to measure ocean surface topography with unprecedented resolution and accuracy, as well as map inland water bodies globally.The interim radiometer dataset consists of discrete measurements along two tracks located approximately 30-km to the left and right of the satellite nadir. The data were processed using the Medium-accuracy (preliminary) Orbit Ephemeris (MOE) with preliminary calibrations applied. They are distributed as one file per half-orbit in netCDF4 file format with a nominal latency of < 1.5 days.

The NAMMA Praia Cape Verde Radiosonde data used Sippican MarkIIa DGPS (LOS) radiosondes, which were launched in support of NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) mission. This mission was based in the Cape Verde Islands, 350 miles off the coast of Senegal in west Africa. Commencing in August 2006, NASA scientists employed surface observation networks and aircraft to characterize the evolution and structure of African Easterly Waves (AEWs) and Mesoscale Convective Systems over continental western Africa, and their associated impacts on regional water and energy budgets. The radiosondes released were Sippican MK-IIa units developed by Lockheed Martin. The atmospheric soundings were used to measure pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed and spatial coordinates. Data is grouped by ascending and descending flights and includes temperature, Skew-T, trajectory, wind and time series plots.